of language teaching which [he] called the Natural Approach" (Terrell 1977; 1982: 121). This was an attempt to develop a language teaching proposal that incorporated the "naturalistic" principles researchers had identified in studies of second language acquisition. At the same time he has joined forces with Stephen Krashen‚ an applied linguist at the University of Southern California‚ in elaborating a theoretical rationale for the Natural Approach‚ drawing on Krashen’s influential theory of second
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Learning approach for first year students in university The essay examines the comparison of surface approach and deep approach used in university students. As a fact‚ many first year students‚ regardless of majors‚ adopt surface approaches to learning. However‚ universities encourage students to accept a deep approach to learn rather than surface approach. Therefore‚ many first year students face a challenge to use which approach to achieve high academic grades. The essay presents the two opposite
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Cognitive approach The cognitive approach focuses on the way information is processed by humans. It looks at how we as individuals treat information and how it leads to responses. Cognitive psychologists study internal processes such as attention‚ language‚ memory‚ thinking and perception. The main assumption of this approach is that in when information is received it is then processed by the brain and this processing directs how we as individuals behave or justify why we behave the way we
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A critical look at the Communicative Approach (1) Michael Swan This (the first of two articles) examines some of the more theoretical ideas underlying the ‘Communicative Approach‘. These include the belief that we should teach ‘use’ as well as ‘meaning; and some attitudes regarding the teaching of ‘skills’ and ‘strategies’. A second article will deal with more pedagogical aspects of the approach‚ especially the idea of a ‘semantic syllabus’ and the question of ‘authenticity’ in materials and methodology
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The Gestalt approach was about how people represent a problem in their own minds‚ and how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation. The first central idea of Gestalt problem solving is how a problem is represented in a person’s mind. This means what do they think about the problem? They would give people a problem and then see how they could figure out how to solve it by restructuring the problem. Then the second idea of Gestalt is insight. Insight is
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The contingency approach to management emerged from the real life experience of managers who found that no single approach worked consistently in every situation. The basic idea of this approach is that number management technique or theory is appropriate in all situations. The main determinants of a contingency are related to the external and internal environment of an organisation. The process‚ quantitative‚ behavioural‚ and systems approaches to management did not integrate the environment. The
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2.1 Introduction The nature of the comparative approach At a basic level the comparative approach is simply one of making comparisons‚ something we do constantly in our everyday lives. Thinking‚ and learning‚ by making comparisons is a very natural and intuitive process for us. We use comparisons extensively in our daily thinking and interactions with people and various objects. However‚ making comparisons is not necessarily easy or without its pitfalls.
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There are various characteristics and styles of leadership; the emphasis of the style approach is the focus on the actions and behavioral characteristics of the leader. There are two behaviors of the style approach that researchers have observed‚ task behaviors and relationship behaviors (Northouse‚ 2013). People who are in roles of leadership should acquire both behaviors to be successful in their position and maintain motivation and the quest for achievement in their subordinates. Task behaviors
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Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers agreed with the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs‚ biological and humanistic approach. “The hierarchy of needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation‚ management training‚ and personal development” (Orana‚ 2009). Maslow’s book Personality and Motivation were published in 1954 introducing his theory of the hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) the hierarchy of needs was introduced
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Systems approach is consisted of two types of system‚ the closed and open systems. Closed systems have relatively little interaction with the environment. (Heil 2015) The Closed-system approach conceives the organization as a system of mechanical‚ technology‚ equipment and materials; that tends to exclude competitors‚ suppliers‚ distributors and government regulators. The Closed system approach allows the managers to analyze problems by examining the internal structure of the organization with little
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