development. false 3 RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter region of the DNA even when the lac repressor is bound to the operator site. true Hide 4 Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes require a promoter region for gene transcription. true 5 Eukaryotic genes are almost always organized in groups‚ similar to operons in prokaryotes. false Advertisement Hide ads ($1). 6 Unmethylated CpG islands are correlated with inactive genes. false
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with a regulatory gene. It also includes a promoter gene‚ operator gene‚ structural genes. Regulatory genes control transcription with positive or negative signal. (Jacob‚ and Monod‚ 1961) A positive signal‚ inducer‚ would stimulate binding of RNA polymerase by binding to the operator gene and transcription would occur. A negative signal‚ repressor‚ would not have any transcription occurring as it would not allow RNA polymerase to bind to promoter. This control of gene expression allows organism
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CHAPTER EIGHT 8 AN OVERVIEW OF GENE EXPRESSION HOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL SWITCHES WORK THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CREATE SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROLS Control of Gene Expression An organism’s DNA encodes all of the RNA and protein molecules that are needed to make its cells. Yet a complete description of the DNA sequence of an organism—be it the few million nucleotides of a bacterium or the few billion nucleotides in each human cell—does not enable us to reconstruct the
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3’. o Lagging strand goes 3’ to 5’. Takes longer to replicate cause it’s built in fragments. • Tip from the book(know these enzymes for replication: DNA polymerase‚ ligase‚ helicase‚ and topoisomerase. Know this enzyme for transcription(the role of RNA polymerase. • Replication(making DNA from already existing DNA strand. DNA replication is semiconservative (1/2 of original DNA and the other ½ is from new DNA strand). This is used by humans! o A group of enzymes
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between PCR and bacterial DNA replication Replication and transcription involves a parental DNA strand that is the foundation on which the products are built on. Replication and transcription both have initiation step which involve the breakage of the parental DNA strand. Replication and transcription both have specific proteins that keep the polymerase molecule attached to the parental DNA strand. There are elongation factors for transcription and sliding clamp for replication. Both processes use
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Transcription The Central Dogma RNA Polymerase Ribosome DNA transcription replication RNA translation Protein One gene encodes one protein? (Beadle and Tatum‚ 1941) • • • Cellular machinery is largely made up of proteins. Proteins are made up of chains or sequences of amino acids. The sequence of these amino acids are "encoded" in the cell’s DNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA‚ which is then translated into protein. When one gene is mutated‚ one protein is affected (usually
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There are many differences in the composition and storage of genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Chromosomes in prokaryotes consist of a single nucleic acid molecule which can be either DNA or RNA. There is comparatively little genetic material for example E.coli genome is 1200 micrometres while a single human chromosome is between 12000 and 73000 micrometers in size. Unlike in eukaryotes the genetic material in viral prokaryotes can be single or double stranded RNA or DNA. It can also
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TRANSCRIPTION: Transcription is the process of which DNA matches corresponding RNA bases‚ Transcription is located in the Nucleus‚ and the only type of RNA that is involved in Transcription is mRNA‚ and the purpose is so that the code can get out of the Nucleus‚ mRNA is also made through Transcription‚ It also takes information that doesn’t directly make proteins but it helps makes codes for the production of proteins‚ DNA Transcription consist of 4 nucleotide bases‚ Adenine‚ Thymine‚ Cytosine‚ Guanine
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Section 1 An IntroductiOn to English phonetics and phonology 1.1. Speech mechanism 1.1.1. Speech chain Speech as the main means of communication is the result of a complicated series of events‚ which involves the speaker and the listener. On the part of the speaker‚ speech activities involve the following stages. 1.1.1.1. Psychological stage: this is the process during which the concept is formed in the speaker’s brain. Then‚ through the nervous system this message (concept) is transmitted
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structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein‚ they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis‚ or peptide formation. One is transcription and the other is translation. Although these biological processes slightly differ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes‚ they are the basic mechanisms for which proteins are formed in all living organisms. There are four main levels of a protein
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