travel agents‚ tour operators etc. are considered the intermediaries (distributors). Their main task is to bring buyers and sellers in the field together and reduce transaction and supply/ownership costs between buyer and seller‚ instead of completely eliminating an intermediary (such as a distributor). Benefits of Tourism Intermediaries For the producer: * they are able to sell in bulk (for example: hotels) and might be able to transfer a certain risk to the * tour operator depending on
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Vertical Integration Vertical Integration deals with the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. When a firm becomes vertically integrated it means that it has incorporated all the aspects of the supply chain including manufacturing‚ distribution‚ warehousing‚ and even retailing. Specifically there are two types of vertical integration‚ backwards and forward integration. Backward or upstream integration is when a firm takes command of a function that its suppliers
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Firm Reputation and Horizontal Integration∗ Hongbin Cai† Ichiro Obara‡ March 14‚ 2008. Abstract We study effects of horizontal integration on firm reputation. In an environment where customers observe only imperfect signals about firms’ effort/quality choices‚ firms cannot maintain good reputation and earn quality premium forever. Even when firms choose high quality‚ there is always a possibility that a bad signal is observed. Thus‚ firms must give up their quality premium‚ at least temporarily
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of the distribution member of the distribution channel in terms of size‚ expertise‚ of influence coordinates the tasks of each member in the channel (Page 269). This is the type of distributor SUPERVALU is. 2. Describe vertical integration at SUPERVALU. Vertical integration is defined in our Marketing Essentials textbook as the acquisition or merger with an intermediary in the channel that is either a supplier or a buyer (Page 270). SUPERVALU has grown to have networked with retail chains.
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Vertical Integration Back in 2002‚ Sony geared themselves toward a vertical strategy as reported by Rob Weisenthal‚ VP and CFO of Sony Corp. of America‚ “Under the USA umbrella‚ we undertook a number of vertical initiatives for each operating division. These have already produced significant operational streamlining and financial performance improvements.” As discussed in his release‚ Weisenthal talked about Sony Pictures Entertainment and their strategy to restructure television operations‚ where
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Zara Case: Vertical integration and outsourcing 1. How is Zara organized with respect to its vertical integration and outsourcing decisions? What governance structure does it appear to follow? Support your conclusions with reference to details of the Zara case and the Ferdows reading. Answer: Very well organized to facilitate its strategic competency: speed and flexibility. Decentralized governance structure fully supports the company core competency. The above supply chain mapping
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Ratio‚ Vertical‚ and Horizontal Analyses Checkpoint Ashlee Kasica XACC/280 March 2‚ 2013 Brandi Zuber Financial statement analysis is the process of examining relationships among financial statement elements and making comparisons with relevant information. There are a variety of tools used to evaluate significance of financial statement data. Three of the most commonly used tools are the ratio analysis‚ horizontal analysis‚ and vertical analysis (Weygandt‚ J. J.‚ Kimmel
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What is the meaning of vertical integration? When the company expands its business in areas that are at various points on the way to the production itself‚ such as when the plant has a supplier and / or distributor. Vertical integration can help companies reduce costs and improve efficiency by reducing transportation costs and reduce the time it takes‚ among other advantages. However‚ sometimes it is more effective for the company to rely on the expertise and economies of scale from other companies
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Vertical integration is a business growth strategy for economics of scale. It is typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production example; growing raw materials‚ manufacturing‚ transporting‚ marketing‚ and/or retailing to expand business in existing market for the firm. It can function in two directions both forward integration and backward integration. In Forward integration involves company to develop strategy to control the firm product distribution either through distribution centers
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which would involve considerable financial investment in research‚ innovation‚ and marketing to sustainably maintain a distinct product in the market (Daniela‚ 2014‚ p. 526). Also‚ the use sea water would enable Baltimore Spring Water to affect vertical integration by eliminating the supplier which may reduce cost as well as improve
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