Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 IDENTIFYING CARBOHYDRATES (adapted from Blackburn et al.‚ Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of Chemistry‚ 2nd ed.‚ (1996) Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To become familiar with some of the characteristic reaction of carbohydrates. To identify an unknown carbohydrate. Caution: Wear eye protection because of the possible shattering of dropped glassware and because acids are used in this experiment
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BENZOIC ACID & BENZOATES (210 –218) • Retards growth of bacteria and yeasts • Occurs naturally in many foods – a similar distribution to salicylate (but at a lower dose than as an additive) • Common food sources: Soft drink‚ cordial‚ fruit juice and cider Liquid essences and syrups Iceblocks‚ jelly‚ low joule jam‚ dips‚ pickles‚ olives Fish marinades and preserves • PABA (para-amino-benzoic-acid)
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Production of materials 1B – identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum Industrial source of ethylene (ethene) * Obtained from Crude oil – fractional distillation * Heated to high temps * Components vaporise and rise up tower where condense and collect * Lower the boiling point‚ higher up tower compound rises * Separates crude oil into fraction each with different boiling range - Catalytic Cracking
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hydrogen bonds holding it together to break. The substrate will not be able to bind as the shape of the active site is no longer complementary to the substrate enzyme complex and this cannot form. This is important in the experiment because if the yeast became denatured then it was not able to bind with the substrate (glucose) and the reaction would not be catalysed‚ preventing any CO2 from being formed. Because the temperature was kept constant throughout the results reflect this exactly‚ when the
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are released ex) BreadFast & Co.’s use of enzymes The company uses many different types of enzymes in the bread making process such as malt and fungal alpha-amylase. Amylase is used to break down starch and produce small dextrins for the yeast to act - which is needed to make bread rise. (Hayes and Laudan‚ 2009) Enzymes also help obtain an even crumb structure‚ dough improvement‚ and result in a higher loaf volume (Mapsenzymes). Bread making companies from around the world chooses to use
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The flour produced from the cassava plant‚ which on account of its low content of noncarbohydrate constituents might well be called a starch‚ is known in world trade as tapioca flour. It is used directly‚ made into a group of baked or gelatinized products or manufactured into glucose‚ dextrins and other products. Starchy foods have always been one of the staples of the human diet. They are mostly consumed in starch-bearing plants or in foods to which commercial starch or its derivatives have been
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carbohydrate‚ such as starch or a sugar‚ into an alcohol or an acid. For example‚ yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation‚ converting carbohydrates into lactic acid. Fermentation is the chemical transformation of organic substances into simpler compounds by the action of enzymes‚ complex organic catalysts‚ which are produced by microorganisms such as molds‚ yeasts‚ or bacteria. Enzymes act by hydrolysis‚ a process of breaking down or predigesting
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for this experiment was the male fruit fly and the female fruit fly and the off springs. The controlled variables in this experiment were temperature‚ media‚ yeast‚ to much of the yeast would kill the fruit fly’s so the class had to make sure that to much was not poured into the vials. this had to be controlled well. 6- 10 ten grains of yeast with water and media. A change in temperature could also tamper with the experiment as well as messing with the vials all of these variables had to be controlled
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Cellular Respiration In this lab the effects of different substrates on the rate of cellular respiration is being put to a test which is a very interesting experiment. The three major substrate solutions being used for this experiment are glucose‚ maltose‚ and alanine. The issues this experiment addresses are cellular respiration occur in different stages which are glycolysis‚ citric acid cycle‚ and fermentation. In this lab the experiment determines the effect of different substrates on
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Circular genome simiar ribosomes unique t-RNAs Aerobic metabolism Endosymbiosis Hypothesis is substantial: Photosynthetic bacterium chloroplast E.coli is the best characterized prokaryote Common Easy to grow Robust cloing Yeast are the simplest of eukaryotes “budding yeast”
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