Chapter 9 Cost of Capital 1. What is the WACC? a. Weighted Average Cost of Capital- most firms employ different types of capital‚ and because of their differences in risk‚ the difference securities have different required rates of return. Typically=debt‚ preferred stock and common equity. 2. What precautions must we take when measuring the WACC to use for capital budgeting decisions (future investment)? b. The company’s current and recent past book and market value structures
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The Bathtub Curve and Product Failure Behavior Part One - The Bathtub Curve‚ Infant Mortality and Burn-in by Dennis J. Wilkins Retired Hewlett-Packard Senior Reliability Specialist‚ currently a ReliaSoft Reliability Field Consultant This paper is adapted with permission from work done while at Hewlett-Packard. Reliability specialists often describe the lifetime of a population of products using a graphical representation called the bathtub curve. The bathtub curve consists of three periods: an
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The Laffer curve‚ named after the economist Arthur Laffer‚ is a curve that demonstrates the trade-off between tax-rates and tax-revenues (Wanniski 1978). It is used to illustrate the concept of taxable income elasticity‚ the idea that a government can maximise the revenue by setting the tax rates at an optimum point. This curve can be traced back as far as 1844 to a French economist Jules Dupit who in 1844 found similar effects as Laffer did (Laffer 2004). Dupit also saw tax revenues rising from
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THE S-CURVE Introduction The first time most project managers become aware of the existence of S Curves is when they are requested by the client or senior management to include one in their next progress report. The following explains what the mysterious S Curve is‚ why it is an important project management tool‚ and how to generate one. What is a S Curve? A S Curve is defined as "a display of cumulative costs‚ labour hours or other quantities plotted against time. The name derives from
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large population average 60 inches tall. You will take a random sample and will be given a dollar for each person in your sample who is over 65 inches tall. For example if you sample 100 people and 20 turn out to be over 65 inches tall‚ you get $20. Which is better: a sample of size 100 or a sample of size 1‚000? Choose one and explain. Does the law of averages relate to the answer you give? In this case a sample size of 100 would be better. This can be explained using law of averages and also by looking
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Cost of Production Fixed costs are those that do not vary with output and typically include rents‚ insurance‚ depreciation‚ set-up costs‚ and normal profit. They are also called overheads. Variable costs are costs that do vary with output‚ and they are also called direct costs. Examples of typical variable costs include fuel‚ raw materials‚ and some labour costs. An example Production costs Consider the following hypothetical example of a boat building firm. The total fixed costs‚ TFC‚ include
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factors that impact the shape of the yield curve but monetary authorities influence greatly the shape of the yield curve .Monetary authorities influence the shape of the yield curve by initiating either a contractionary monetary policy or an expansionary monetary policy.A yield curve is a line that plots the interest rates‚ at a set point in time‚ of bonds having equal credit quality‚ but differing maturity dates. The most frequently reported yield curve compares the three-month‚ two-year‚ five-year
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Limitations of the Lorenz Curve The Lorenz Curve illustrates the degree of equality (or inequality) of distribution of income in an economy. It plots the cumulative percentage of income received by cumulative shares of the population and includes a straight line to illustrate perfect income equality. Thus‚ the closer the Lorenz curve is to the straight line‚ the greater the equality in income distribution‚ while‚ the further away it is from the straight line‚ the more unequal the distribution
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Whether it is by making mistakes‚ by observing others‚ or repeating a process over again‚ it is human nature to learn. In their book The Bell Curve‚ Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray disagree and hold the position that human intelligence is inborn and measurable by IQ‚ which In turn shows how much success a single individual will have in life. The Bell Curve supports a class system‚ arguing that the intelligent are likely to become ever more dominant and prosperous‚ while the unintelligent are falling
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Learning Curve Primer The concept of a Learning Curve is motivated by the observation (in many diverse production environments) that‚ each time the cumulative production doubles‚ the hours required to produce the most recent unit decreases by approximately the same percentage. For example‚ for an 80% learning curve: If cumulative production doubles from 50 to 100‚ then the hours required to produce the 100th unit is 80% of that for the 50th unit. The learning curve formula can be expressed
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