CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Concepts of UTILITY FOG 2.1 Structure 2.2 Working 2.3 Properties 3. Implementation 3.1 Self Reconfiguring Robots 3.2 Homogenous Self Reconfiguring Robots 3.3 Crystalline module concept 3.4 Design 3.5 Motion and Control 4. Applications 5. Problems 6. Conclusion References Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: The Idea of Utility fog was originally put forward by Edison in 1890. These tiny
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electrons of two different atoms. This attraction results in the two atoms binding together. An ionic bond‚ also called an electron-transfer bond‚ is a type of chemical bond that is a result of the electromagnetic attraction between ions of opposite charges‚ i.e.‚ a cation (a positively charged ion) and an anion (a negatively charged ion). An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electrical charge due to the loss or gain of electrons. In an ionic bond‚ an atom gives or receives electrons
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made up of small particles made of atoms. The atomic theory first had 5 points which were stated by John Dalton who came up with it. The first one was that all elements were made up of small units called atoms. The second one was that all atoms of a given element are identical to each other. Third‚ all the atoms were different from all the other atoms. Fourth‚ atoms of different elements combined together in equal numbers to form compounds. Fifth and final‚ atoms cannot be broken down‚ created or
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particles. These may be atoms or groups of atoms‚ but this discuss will be conducted in terms of single atoms. Ionic bonding occurs between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms. Molecular compounds form as a result of covalent bonding where electrons are shared between non-metal atoms. 3. What is a chemical bond? Discuss the differences between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. Any of several forces‚ especially the ionic bond‚ covalent bond‚ and metallic bond‚ by which atoms or ions are bound in a
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smallest structural and functional unit of an organism‚ typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane Organelle-any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell Molecule-a group of atoms bonded together‚ representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. Producer- An autotrophic organism capable of producing complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules through the
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Chemical bond From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such ascovalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions
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Women in Herodotus’ The Histories From Helen of Troy to Candaules’ queen‚ historians have documented many quarrels over women. One historian in particular‚ Herodotus‚ wrote often of the implications women had on the history before him. Women over history played largely a secondary role in almost everything‚ from politics to simple household decision-making. Women also were married off in order to gain land and status for their families‚ especially their fathers. Yet wars‚ both civil and foreign
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table). Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms are made up of particles called protons‚ electrons‚ and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge‚ electrons carry a negative electrical charge‚ and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons come together in the central part of the atom‚ called the nucleus‚ and the electrons ’orbit’ the nucleus in the electron cloud. An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example
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Unit 2 Lecture Study Guide 1) What are the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found? a. The parts of an atom consist of protons‚ electrons‚ and neutrons. b. The subatomic particles are found in either the electron cloud‚ or the nucleus. The electrons are found in the electron cloud‚ which circles the atom‚ and the protons and neutrons are found in the tiny nucleus of the atom. 2) How does the Atomic Mass # differ from the Atomic #?
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and each atom must have a P orbital so that the electron cloud is not intterupted 2. It must contain an odd number of electron pairs ▪ i.e. the number of electrons must be 4n+2 where n=0‚1‚2‚3‚4……… ▪ so the number of electrons is 2‚6‚10‚14‚18……. ▪ this rule is called the Hückel’s Rule • monocyclic hydrocarbons with alternating single and double bonds are called annulenes • annulenes are named as [n]-annulene‚ where n is the number of carbon atoms in their
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