INTRODUCTION PROFILE OF NATIONAL FERILIZERS LIMITED NFL‚ incorporated in 1974 is India ’s largest Central Public Sector Enterprise in Fertilizers Sector with a turnover of over Rs. 7300 cores and an overall annual installed capacity of 32.31 lakh tones of Urea. NFL has five Urea plants located at Nangal & Bathinda in Punjab‚ Panipat in Haryana and Vijaipur I & II plants in Madhya Pradesh. Apart from producing Urea‚ NFL is also engaged in manufacturing & marketing of Industrial products‚ trading
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a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic‚ meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants‚ aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide‚ which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. The most obvious environmental effect of acid rain has been the loss of fish in acid sensitive lakes and streams. Many species of fish are not able
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Biosynthesis and Biofunctions of Iron-sulfer proteins Yiming Chen‚ Brown University‚ May 11th‚ 2011 I. Introduction Iron-sulfur proteins are the proteins which contain iron-sulfur clusters‚ like sulfide-linked di-‚ tri-‚ and tetrairon centers with various oxidative states 1. An excess of 120 distinct types of enzymes and proteins are known to contain Fe-S clusters2. Iron-sulfur proteins are known for the role of the oxidation-reduction reactions of mitochondrial electron transportation. They are also
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• The equilibrium law DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM forward A +8 reaction ""r=====~’~ reverse reaction Most chemical reactions do not go to completion. Once some products are formed the reverse reaction can take place to reform the reactants. In a closed system the concentrations of all the reactants and products will eventually become constant. Such a system is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The forward and reverse reactions continue to occur‚ but at equilibrium
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term is "acid precipitation." • defined as any type of precipitation with a pH that is unusually low The Causes: • occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere‚ undergo chemical transformations and are absorbed by water droplets in clouds • then fall to earth as rain‚ snow‚ mist‚ dry dust‚ hail‚ or sleet. • Dissolved carbon dioxide dissociates to form weak carbonic acid giving a pH of approximately 5.6 at typical atmospheric concentrations of CO2 • Therefore
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Global Commons) Natural Air Pollutants Volcanoes sulfur oxides‚ particulates Forest Fires Carbon monoxides‚ carbon dioxide‚ Nitrogen oxides‚ particulates Wind storms Dust Living Plants Hydrocarbons‚ pollen Decaying plants Methane‚ hydrogen sulfide Sea Salt particulates Major Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide From transportation Causes headache‚ dizziness‚ decreased tolerance to exercise Sulfur oxides Coal fired power plants Asthma‚ bronchitis
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around 5 - 5.5. Although pure water has a pH of 7‚ unpolluted rainwater has a pH of 5.6 – 6 because of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacting with the water and forming a weak carbonic acid. The acidity in the precipitations (rain‚ snow‚ fog) come from gasses released into the atmosphere by industrial factories‚ the combustion of fossil fuels‚ and even volcanoes. These gasses‚ sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides‚ chemically react with the water vapors and oxygen in the atmosphere forming acidic
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they give off smoke containing water vapor‚ carbon dioxide‚ sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds. The sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds cause small amounts of acid rain near the volcano. Pure water is not an acid‚ but even clean rainwater is slightly acidic. This is because it has carbon dioxide from the air dissolved in it. Rain is only called acid rain if it is more acid than normal. The main causes of acid rain are gases called sulphur dioxide (SO2)‚ and nitrogen oxides (Nox). These dissolve
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sulphur dioxide which is a gas that is very poisonous (Stewart‚ 2012). Figure 1 Safety Chemical | R | R statements | S | S statements | Copper | 36/37/38 | Irritant to eyes. Respiratory system and skin. | 26/37/39 | In case of contact with eyes‚ rinse immediately with water and seek medical advice. / wear suitable gloves and eye protection. | Sulphur | 11 | Highly flammable. |
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sulphur‚ air and water 3. The Contact process consists of three stages. Stage 1: The production of sulphur dioxide This can be obtained by two methods: 1. Burning of sulphur in dry air in the furnace S + O SO2 2. Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide or iron(III) sulphide in dry air. 2ZnS + 3O2 2SO2 + 2ZnO Stage 2: Formation of sulphur trioxide In the converter‚ sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over a few plates of vanadium (V) oxide‚ V2O‚ the catalyst at 450°C to
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