increase in size as their cells grow and divide. Almost all cells complete a full cell cycle that includes interphase and cell division. In interphase‚ cells serve their specialized functions‚ grow‚ and copy their genetic material. Mitosis is the first stage of cell division‚ in which the copied chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Then in cytokinesis the cell divides into two daughter cells. If no mutations or errors occur‚ the genetic material in each daughter cell is identical to what was
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Cell Specialisation All cells are designed to perform a particular job within an organism‚ that is‚ to sustain life. Cells can become specialized to perform a particular function within an organism‚ usually as part of a larger tissue consisting of many of the same cells working together for example muscle cells. The cells combine together for a common purpose. All organisms will contain specialised cells. There are hundreds of types of specialised cells. Below is listed some of the major ones
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Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms. Their distinctive features include: A large central vacuole‚ a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the tonoplast maintains the cell’s turgor‚ controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap‚ stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles. A cell wall composed of cellulose and hemicellulose‚ pectin and in many cases lignin‚ is secreted by
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A STUDY ON ONIONS Onions can be found all around the world‚ from Asia all the way to the Americas. They are edible used by professional chefs all over the world as garnishes or as a main dish‚ though not very widely consumed in this way. Not just it’s bulb can be eaten‚ it’s shoots and leaves are edible as well. They have a distinctive‚ strong flavour and also a pungent odour that could be neutralized and sweetened by cooking or heating. It has a dry‚ paper-like skin and a juicy‚ fleshly‚ layered
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Physiological adaptation is an adjustment to environmental stress. 2) Provide one example of physiological adaptation and one example of evolutionary adaptation (can be for any organism‚ including humans): Physiological adaptation: Examples of psychological adaptations in a human is :acclimated to adjust to environmental change in weather cold‚ hot and high altitudes without genetic change long-term acclamations when people lose excess body fat and are very slender for long periods of
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Cell wall is a fairly rigid‚ protective and supportive layer surrounding the cell external to plasma membrane of plants‚ bacteria‚ archaea‚ fungi and algae. It is absent in animals and most protists. It was first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665. It is not an entirely rigid structure as the cell wall expands due to the growth of the cell. It varies in thickness from o.1mm to I0mm.in most of the cells‚ cell wall is present from the very beginning to the last‚ but in slime molds (myxomycetes)
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Questions of this chapter: **Definition Cell cycle 2. Homologous Chromosome 3. Sister Chromatid 4. Synapsis **Short Questions 1.Describe the chief events of mitosis and show how these differ from meiosis. (V.V.I.) 2. What ‘checkpoints’ occur in cell cycle? What is the role of each? **Long Questions 1.Describe the phases of the cell cycle and the events that characterize each phase. Answer of short Definition is given below 1. Cell Cycle: The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events
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Stem Cell Research From the Viewpoint of Dr. Gamal Serour Anatomy & Physiology 11 September 2013 Anatomy & Physiology 11 September 2013 I am Dr. Gamal Serour‚ I am of the Muslim ethnicity. I am a Professor at Al-Azhar University and Consultant in Obstetrics and Gynecology‚ specializing in infertility treatment. Also the director of the international Islamic Center for Population studies and Research. I believe the study of the stem cell research can be used
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Introduction The current method of cell expansion using T25 flasks for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been proven to be extremely time and space consuming‚ labour intensive and difficult for scale-up (Minimal of 200 T25 flasks needed). It is estimated 2.8x108 - 5.6x108 undifferentiated hESCs are required by the end of the expansion stage for the process to work‚ as at least 5x107 cells of well differentiated post-mitotic Nrl+/Crx+ precursors are needed for transplant (Maclaren et al‚ 2006)
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(Directory of Open Access Journals) Mesenchymal cells isolation from Wharton’s jelly‚ in perspective to clinical applications Iro KOLIAKOS 1*‚ Nikos TSAGIAS 2 and Vassilis KARAGIANNIS 2 1 2 Stem Cells Bank‚ National Research Foundation‚ Athens‚ Greece C Gynecology Clinic‚ Hyppokrateion Hospital‚ Medical School‚ Aristotle University of Thessaloniki‚ Greece Received: 16 September 2010 Accepted after revision: 22 November 2010 Human umbilical cord tissue‚ termed as Wharton’s jelly
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