Experiment 2 Title: preparation of a halogenoalkane Objective: To synthesis 2-cholo-2-methylpropane by using corresponding alcohol and HCl(aq). The reaction is via SN1 of tertiary alcohol. Techniques: i) Distillation of the reactant and the product ii) Purification by separating funnel Theory: In the experiment‚ SN1 reaction take place‚ HCl is added to initiate the reaction. The R-OH attack the H+ with the lone pair on O. Then the R-O+H2 bond breaks the release a water molecule and
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solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally‚ the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique. Results and Discussion: Main reaction(s) and Mechanism(s): Reaction: Mechanism: Table of Reactants and Products: Compound Formula weight Volume used (mL) Weight used (g) Moles used Moles required Other
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MIXTURES‚ SOLUTIONS‚ SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS MIXTURES A mixture is a combination made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not chemically bonded. There are also types of mixtures such as homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. SOLUTIONS A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute; a substance dissolved into another substance known as a solvent. They can also be defined as groups of molecules that are mixed up completely in even
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simply asphalt. It is obtained by partial distillation of crude petroleum. In North America‚ bitumen is commonly known as “asphalt cement” or “asphalt”. It is a sticky‚ black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English‚ asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the
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i. Lighting 7 ii. Electric motor 7 iii. Electric heating 8 1.1.7. IMPROVEMENTS IN EFFICIENT FUEL USE 8 i. Selection of fuel 8 ii. Selection of boiler 8 1.1.8. IMPROVEMENT IN EFFICIENT USE OF STEAM 8 i. Piping 8 ii. Steam accumulators 9 iii. Recycling of drain 9 1.1.9. HOW DOES ENERGY CONSERVATION HELP SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT? 10 1.1.10. CONCLUSIONS 11 1.2. WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT& CONSERVATION 13 1.2.1. WASTEWATER
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summer and its flowers. He suggests that although summer ends‚ its beauty lives on through winter‚ “For never-resting time leads summer on/ To hideous winter‚ and confounds him there” (5-6)‚ by the distillation of its flowers into oils or perfumes‚ shown in lines 9-10‚ “Then‚ were not summer’s distillation left/ A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass”. Essentially‚ “Sonnet 5” suggests that tyrants destroy beauty‚ and time (like a tyrant) causes the warmest season to turn into the coldest and if
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I. Title: Connecting Ground Glass Joints Objective: To learn the proper way to connect a ground glass joint Procedure: Use a female ground glass joint on a round bottom flask Use a male ground glass joint on the claisen head Clean the joints then apply the grease to the male joint Insert the greased male joint into the female joint in a circular motion and check for streaks Observations: Do not apply to much grease to the joint‚ it make cause contamination Check for streaks; if there
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bottom flask and attached to the reflux apparatus. The mixture was boiled‚ the extracted first using water followed by aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was dried using anhydrous granular sodium sulfate. After dried‚ the sample was placed in a distillation apparatus and heated. This resulted in 1.8g of pure isopentyl acetate‚ a 44% yield. Introduction Isopentyl acetate is yielded by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The product is isopentyl acetate
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crystals. Caffeine can be prepared by extraction from natural sources or by synthesis from uric acid. The objectives involved in this experiment is to gain experience in using extraction as a method of separation‚ to assemble and use a simple distillation setup in the separation volatile substances from non-volatile materials‚ to determine the boiling pint of a liquid sample and to isolate caffeine from tea and gain experience in chemical laboratory manipulation of plant materials. II Materials
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such as Canada‚ Australia‚ and the United States. Recipe Ingredients: 1 kg beef knuckle with meat 300 grams beef oxtail 500 grams beef bone 1 small cup of vinegar 1 onion‚ chopped 100 grams whole star anise pods ½ cinnamon stick 2 cloves 1 teaspoon black peppercorns 1 slice fresh ginger root 1 tablespoon white sugar 1 tablespoon salt 1 tablespoon seasoning powder 1 tablespoon fish sauce 2l water 2 kg dried flat rice noodles 500 grams beef sirloin Bean sprout‚ coriander
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