This page is intentionally left blank. The Universe is Only Spacetime Particles‚ Fields and Forces Derived from the Simplest Starting Assumption John A. Macken Santa Rosa‚ California john@onlyspacetime.com Original Draft – February 2010 Revision 7.0 – January 2013 ©2010‚ 2012 i Dedication: I dedicate this book to my wife‚ Enid‚ who has encouraged me and tolerated my idiosyncrasies over the years. Acknowledgments:
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theory has also opened up the possibility to travel through time. Like the previous theories of classical Newtonian physics and special relativity which feature flat spacetime‚ an observer will always measure time going forward; their clock will never tick backwards. However with general relativity‚ their lies a possibility that spacetime may be warped in such a configuration that you could fly off in a spaceship and come back to earth before you left in a so called “closed time like curve”. Science
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What are the properties of a black hole? How do they form? Why are they invisible? “A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—including particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.” (Source 1) The collapsing or dying of a star causes the strength of gravity to be so strong that light can’t
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includes a multitude of different concepts: spacetime‚ gravity‚ special relativity and general relativity. Dalí mainly focused on spacetime in this painting‚ but these four terms share commonalities such as interfering with common knowledge of the third and fourth dimensions. Dalí painted a geometric figure known as a hypercube‚ which represents a tesseract. In simplistic terms‚ a tesseract is symbolic of the fourth dimension otherwise known as spacetime. The hypercube is significant because its overarching
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The Stellar Lives of Stars Stars are giant nuclear reactors. In the center of stars‚ atoms are taken apart by tremendous atomic collisions altering the atomic structure and releasing an enormous amount of energy that makes stars hot and bright. Nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction that fuels stars. In fusion‚ many nuclei combine together to make a larger but different element‚ and the result of this process is the release of a lot of energy. Stars are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores
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the current description of gravitation in modern physics. It generalises special relativity and Newton’s law of universal gravitation‚ providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time‚ or spacetime. In particular‚ the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the four-momentum (mass-energy and linear momentum) of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations‚ a system of partial differential equations.
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Wormhole What is wormhole? A bridge between black hole and white hole A shortcut through spacetime The fourth dimension No evidences to prove its existence What is 4th dimension? Length Depth Height Time What is wormhole? Two different wormhole 1. Schwarzschild wormholes ○ also called ‘Einstein-Rosen Bridge’ ○ Inter-universe wormhole connecting two universes 2. Traversable wormholes ○ not traversable due to unstable property ○ Intra-universe wormhole
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The History of Classical Gravitational Theory and General Relativity In the beginning scientists and religious men of their era tried to explain the universe both biblically and scientifically. One of the foremost Greek scientists was Aristotle; taught by Plato‚ that the circle and sphere are the two most perfect shapes in a 2 and 3 dimensional universe‚ Aristotelian system placed Earth at the center of the universe; and all other heavenly bodies revolved around the earth in crystalline orbitals
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McTaggart on the Unreality of Time Leibniz emphasised the similarity between time and space. The differences are striking‚ however‚ since time‚ unlike space‚ seems to have a direction: events seem to ‘move’ in time from the past into the present and into the future. But what does it really mean to say that events ‘move in time’? It seems rather too metaphorical to talk in these terms: an event cannot move in time in the sense in which a person can move in space. Perhaps we should say that time
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the astronomer’s data book and the physicist’s model‚ which merely summarises the data. However‚ we could argue that scientific theories do more than predict; they explain. The physicist can explain how the stars and planets alter the geometry of spacetime that determines the motion of
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