retained what they had learned better than the non-ABC students. These effects do not appear to be driven by differences in teacher quality or in teacher and student attendance. These results suggest that simple and relatively cheap information and communication technology can serve as an effective and sustainable learning tool for rural populations. JEL Codes: D1‚ I2‚ O1‚ O3 Keywords: education; literacy; information technology; program evaluation; Niger www.cgdev.org Working Paper 223 September 2010
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Introduction According to our e-text‚ communication is the process of sending and receiving messages with attached meanings (p. 190). The key elements in the communication process include a source‚ receiver‚ and a communication channel. The source encodes an intended meaning into a message and the receiver decodes the message into a perceived meaning in which it may or may not give feedback to the source. The communication channel is the pathway through which messages are communicated. But from
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Communication is the process of sharing ideas‚ information and messages with others in a particular time and place. It includes writing and talking‚ as well as nonverbal communication (such as facial expressions‚ body language‚ or gestures)‚ visual communication (the use of images or pictures‚ such as paintings‚ photography‚ video‚ or film)‚ and electronic communication (telephone calls‚ electronic mail‚ digital television‚ or satellite broadcasts). Communication is a vital part of personal life
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Communication establishes relationships and makes organizing possible. Every message has a purpose or objective. The sender intends -- whether consciously or unconsciously -- to accomplish something by communicating. In organizational contexts‚ messages typically have a definite objective: to motivate‚ to inform‚ to teach‚ to persuade‚ to entertain‚ or to inspire. This definite purpose is‚ in fact‚ one of the principal differences between casual conversation and managerial communication. Effective
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Communication Process Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages with attached meaning ( Schermerhorn‚ Osborn‚ Hunt 2000). Communication process has the following basic aspects‚ which are source‚ receiver‚ channel‚ noise and feedback. The source is the person that encodes a message in understandable terms‚ and then transmits it via a communication channel that carries the message. There are various communication channels such as face-to-face meetings‚ emails‚ memorandums‚ faxes
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additive noise is characteristic of almost all communication systems. This additive noise typically arises from thermal noise generated by random motion of electrons in the conductors comprising the receiver. In a communication system the thermal noise having the greatest effect on system performance is generated at and before the first stage of amplification. This point in a communication system is where the desired signal takes the lowest power level and consequently the thermal noise has the
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Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner. The importance of effective communication is immeasurable in the world of business and in personal life. From a business perspective‚ effective communication is an absolute must‚ because it commonly accounts for the difference between success and failure or profit and loss. It has become clear that effective business communication is critical to the successful operation of
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THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is the process of transmitting and receiving of information through verbal or nonverbal behavior. At the center of any definition of communication must be the intention of conveying a message‚ even if the message is abstract (eg. modern poetry). WHY WE COMMUNICATE Why do we communicate? The purpose of any given communication may be: * To initiate some action * To impart information‚ ideas‚ attitudes‚ beliefs or
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The Communication Process Communication is a process by which by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols‚ signs‚ or behavior. Communication can also be an act by which one person gives to or receives from person information about that person’s needs‚ desires‚ perceptions‚ knowledge‚ or affective states. This communication works through a Process Model‚ which breaks down communication into separate parts like: Sender/Receiver-The first component
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understand by the following terms in business communication: i. noise ii. feedback iii. grapevine iv. medium v. encoding vi. negotiation vii. conflict QUESTION 2 As a secretary of the Executive Committee on Salaries and Conditions of Service in a parastatal‚ produce minutes of a recent meeting of the committee to discuss among other routine matters: i) salaries for contract staff ii) bonuses benefits for all staff Q1 - ANSWER Communication can be best summarized as the transmission
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