5. ENERGY BALANCE Basis:- 1 Hr. Operation ENERGY BALANCES ACROSS THE FEED PREHEATING EQUIPMENT:The heating of cold 2-butanol feed is to be completed in three stages in order to avoid large heat losses. The cold feed is first preheated to its boiling point using steam as heating medium and then vaporized in a thermosyphon reboiler utilizing the heat contained in the reaction products. The vapor‚ which has entrained liquid is removed from the knock out drum‚ and then heated to reaction temperature
Free Thermodynamics Energy Temperature
solution that contains more dissolved substance than a saturated solution does. This occurs when a solution is prepared at a higher temperature and is then slowly cooled. This is a very unstable situation‚ so any disturbance causes precipitation. Solubility can be understood in terms of two factors: The natural tendency toward disorder favors dissolving. The relative forces between and within species must be considered. Stronger forces within solute species oppose dissolving. Stronger forces
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Experiment 22: Molar Solubility‚ Common-Ion Effect Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the molar solubility‚ the solubility constant‚ and the effect of a common ion on the molar solubility of calcium hydroxide. To accomplish this the experiment was split into two parts; part A and Part B. in Part A of the experiment a standardized 0.05 M solution of HCl was titrated into a 25 mL solution of saturated Ca(OH)2 which contained 2 drops of orange methyl identifier. Once the titration
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wavelength Percentage concentration (methanol: water) Peak H value (height equivalent to a theoretical plate) (mm) 230nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0373 Benzophenone 0.0196 Naphthalene 0.0164 235nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0327 Benzophenone 0.0203 Naphthalene 0.0147 260nm 80:20 Phenol 0.0318 Benzophenone 0.0202 Naphthalene 0.0146 Figure 11: table for the height equivalent of the theoretical plates. It can be observed that the H values or height equivalent to a theoretical plate for phenol at the three wavelengths
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In this experiment‚ we used methyl benzoate from the last experiment with HNO3 and H2SO4 to synthesize methyl 3-nitrobenzoate. First we added methyl benzoate to 12 mL cooled conc. Sulfuric acid in a flask. In a separate flask‚ we made a solution of 4 mL conc. Sulfuric acid and 4 mL nitric acid and then added dropwise to the solution of methyl benzoate in an ice bath on a stir plate while maintaining the temperature of reaction between 5-15 °C. After the addition was complete we took the flask out
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para-hydroxybenzoic acid‚ which is why they are collectively called parabens. However‚ in contrast to its cousins‚ ethylparaben‚ butylparaben‚ and propylparaben‚ methylparaben receives its specific name owing to the fact that its chemical structure contains the methyl alkyl group. Methylparaben is found in several fruits‚ in particular blueberries‚ where it acts as an antimicrobial agent. Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. Methylparaben is commonly
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general‚ solubility rules can be used to predict the outcome of double replacement reactions. I have come to this decision‚ because almost all of the data recorded from the lab‚ with the exception of number 13‚ agreed with the predictions made beforehand. 2. Out of the 15 combinations‚ the observations made for the combination of number 13 (the reaction of lead (II) nitrate and barium chloride)‚ did not agree with what was predicted‚ based on the solubility rules. The solubility rules that
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of Isopentyl Acetate Purpose: To prepare isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. Materials: West condenser‚ 250 mL round bottomed flask‚ two 250 mL flasks‚ heating mantle‚ boiling chips‚ graduated cylinder‚ sodium bicarbonate‚ isopentyl alcohol‚ glacial acetic acid‚ concentrated sulfuric acid‚ separatory funnel Procedure: 1. Place 50 mL of isopentyl alcohol in a 250 mL round bottom flask and add 60 mL of glacial acetic acid. Add the
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wont dissolve. Solubility of a solute = mass of a solid required to a saturate 100g of water at a particular temperature. Calculating Solubility 2g potassium chlorate dissolves in 20g water at 28oC what is its solubility? 2 x 100/20 = 10.0g potassium chlorate/100g water 4g potassium sulphate dissloves in 30g water at 50oC what is its solubilty? 4 x 100/30 = 13.33g potassium sulphate/100g water 30g sodium chloride dissolves in 75g water at 10oC what is its solubility? 30 x 100/75
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Experiment Date: 3/12/2012 Photochemistry: Photoreduction of benzophenone and rearrangement to benzpinacolone Abstract: In this experiment Benzpinacolone was synthesized in a process that contained two steps. First the photoreduction of benzophenone in 2-propanol‚ which was done by placing the flask under sunlightfor the absorption of the UV rays to carry out the reaction. Then the second part was the dehydration of benzpinacol to benzpinacolone‚ where the benzpinacol product was converted
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