acid H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (l) ELECTROLYSIS of Sodium Chloride: Molten NaCl: Overall reaction: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g) Half-equations: 2Cl− (l) Cl2 (g) + 2e− Na+ (l) + e− Na (s) Concentrated NaCl: Half-equations: 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Dilute NaCl: Half-equations: 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Overall reaction: 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Production of SODIUM HYDROXIDE: Mercury Cell: Electrolytic half-equations:
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use them to determine the molar mass of a substance. Materials and chemicals: 800mL beaker balance weighing paper Thermometer 400mL beaker wire stirrer ring stand unknown solid 15x150mm test tube clamp watch acetone Ice cyclohexane sodium chloride Lab Safety: Wear protective googles‚ apron‚ and gloves. Procedures: Prepare ice/salt/water bath Place 50g of solid NaCl in a 400mL beaker and add just enough water to dissolve the salt. Fill an 800mL beaker 2/3 full of ice‚ and then
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Objective: The purpose of the lab is to learn filtering techniques. Specifically‚ to form and filter a calcium carbonate precipitate using a Buchner funnel. Procedure: a.) Prepared a mixture of .5 M calcium nitrate (45 mL) and .01 M sodium carbonate by combining and stirring the two liquids in a beaker. Allow the mixture to stand. b.) Prepare the filtration assembly. The assembly consists of a tapered flask with a buchner funnel inserted in the top. The funnel has a rubber stopper attached
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Experiment 5: Shifting Equilibrium A solution is in equilibrium when the rate of forward reaction and the rate of reverse reaction are equal. This equilibrium may be disturbed when the concentration of the reactants‚ the concentration of the products or the temperature is changed. If the process involves gases‚ a change in pressure can also affect the position of equilibrium. The concept behind this is Le Chatelier ’s Principle which states that when a system is disturbed through application
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THE INTRODUCTION TO SOAP MANUFACTURE BY W. H. SIMMONS‚ B.Sc. (Lond.)‚ F.C.S. AND H. A. APPLETON It has been said that the use of soap is a gauge of the civilisation of a nation‚ but though this may perhaps be in a great measure correct at the present day‚ the use of soap has not always been co-existent with civilisation‚ for according to Pliny (Nat. Hist.‚ xxviii.‚ 12‚ 51) soap was first introduced into Rome from Germany‚ having been discovered by the Gauls‚ who used the product obtained
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(product) side. This is why temperature has to be on the reactants side (endothermic) in order for this shift to be possible. 5) If you add NaCl into the hydrated Cobalt (II) ion equilibrium‚ the concentration of the chloride ions would increase and some sodium ions would be formed. Because of this‚ the concentration of reactants increases which causes the equilibrium system to move to the right (products) side. Therefore‚ the solution turns purple. 6) Cr2O72- + 2OH- ↔ 2CrO42- + H2O 9) In step 7‚ there
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Synthesis of t-Pentyl Chloride Introduction: Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid‚ t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally‚ the crude
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Safety measures in the chemistry laboratory The mentors are responsible for instructing the competitors as to the risks to which they are subjected when working in a chemistry laboratory‚ as well as to the basic safety measures‚ and first aid. Specific behavioral and safety measures must be obeyed to prevent accidents. Rules in the lab: * Use protective clothing all the time (e.g. lab coat and safety glasses) * Use a hair band to keep your hair away from your face. *
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Na2CO3. After figuring out how many g of Na2CO3 I needed the next step was to weigh out the 0.7g Na2CO3 and pour into a paper cup along with 25mL of distilled water and stir to form the solution sodium carbonate. After both solutions were made and in their separate containers the next step was to pour the sodium carbonate solution into the beaker of the calcium chloride solution and watch the calcium carbonate precipitate form. After the Calcium Carbonate Precipitate was formed the next step was
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torch. The data we found was that it turned blue after a period of time. The reaction was CoN- OH. The second station was very interesting. The procedure was to place 3 small drops of cobalt nitrate into a test tube in the rack. Place 6 drops of sodium hydroxide in the second test tube. Pour test tube into test tube one. Record the results. Dump the contents of the first tube into the filter funnel that has already been set up for you. Rinse both tubes and return to the test tube holder. Leave all
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