Lime scale form when hot water is heated about 61’C. All the acids listed about remove lime scale because the ions in the acids react with the calcium ions in limescale to then form a soluble salt. The acids also react with the carbonates in lime scale to produce water and carbon dioxide. Then the whole solution washes out taking away as much lime scale and possible. Sulfamic acid The advantages of using sulfamic acid as a de-scaler are that it is the faster de-scaler which means it can give
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when used. AIM: To determine the effectiveness of Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate when used to treat heartburns. APPARATUS: Measuring Cylinder‚ Beakers‚ Spatula‚ Conical Flask‚ Measuring Scale‚ Funnel‚ Dilute HCL‚ Calcium Carbonate (Present in Tums)‚ Sodium Carbonate (Present in Andrews Salts)‚ Petri Dish‚ Rubber Stopper‚ Gas Syringe METHOD: 1. Wash all apparatus. 2. Measure and transfer 5g Calcium Carbonate to Petri Dish. 3. Measure and transfer
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Phosphoproteins of the chicken eggshell calcified layer The chicken eggshell matrix is a complex mixture of proteins and proteoglycans. It also contains phosphoproteins that are thought to affect mineralization of the matrix. Several of the matrix phosphoproteins‚ such as the major component osteopontin‚ have already been identified as phosphoproteins in other tissues‚ but the phosphorylation status of the eggshell matrix forms was unknown. The phosphopeptides‚ obtained after cleavage of the matrix
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Radio active safety : Protective Clothing: Wear latex or nitrile gloves with along with the full-length lab coat including the closed toed shoes. Wear safety glasses to avoid the exposure radioactive material. Introduction : Chemicals may be liquids‚ gases‚ solids or powders have the tendency to harm health when it used or handled improperly‚ those can be corrosive‚ toxic agents‚ reactive or flammables can generate fumes‚ vapors‚ dust and mists. Depending on the usage and the work it can enter the
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Mole Ratio of a Chemical Reaction: Copper & Silver Nitrate Lab #4 OBJECTIVE In this experiment‚ you will determine the number of moles of reactants and products present in the reaction of copper and silver nitrate‚ and calculate their mole-to-mole ratio. The mole-to-mole ratio relating to the disappearance of copper and the formation of silver metal will be used to write the balanced equation for the reaction. The reaction of copper metal with silver nitrate solution is a single
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BACK TITRATION AIM - To estimate volumetrically the amount of calcium carbonate present in the eggshell and analyzing the sources of errors to evaluate the result. Part A: Standardization of 2M NaOH(aq) Data Collection : Weight of substances Uncertainty Weight of watch glass + salt (potassium hydrogen phthalate) w1= 23.4380g ± 0.001g Weight of watch glass ( after emptying the salt)w2 = 21.5430g ± 0.001g Weight of salt (potassium hydrogen phthalate) w1 –w2= (23.4380± 0.001g) – (21
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to form water. Without water‚ we can not survive. In fact‚ we are mostly made of water. 2.2. Li Lithium does not occur naturally in biological systems and has no biological role‚ but does have effects on the body when ingested. Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams‚ although there are side-effects. Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness‚ slurred speech and vomiting‚ among
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Determination of Water Hardness Using a Titrator Heather Crall Chemistry 1 SMT- 271044 10/17/2012 Abstract From seeing all of my results and conclusion I now see that I didn’t understand this lab very well and that its not easy when others try to help. Since I have hard water it tells me that my water flows over and through rocks and minerals‚ like limestone. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to become familiar with the concept of water hardness. We learn that hard water contains
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R-C-O-Na+ + R’OH Ester(fat) + base(caustic soda) ---- salt of fatty acid(soap) + alcohol(glycerol). Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) can be used instead of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide)but is more expensive. The base used to come from wood ash containing potassium carbonate which formed potash as this was not plentiful it made soap a luxury. The cheapest source of the ester is animal and vegetable fats and oils. H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H-H O H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
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acid H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (l) ELECTROLYSIS of Sodium Chloride: Molten NaCl: Overall reaction: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g) Half-equations: 2Cl− (l) Cl2 (g) + 2e− Na+ (l) + e− Na (s) Concentrated NaCl: Half-equations: 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Dilute NaCl: Half-equations: 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Overall reaction: 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Production of SODIUM HYDROXIDE: Mercury Cell: Electrolytic half-equations:
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