LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY (LME) Leader-member Exchange (LME) flows from literature on transformational leadership‚ extant in the 1970s. A number of fundamental concepts are quite old‚ such as rewards for supporting leadership being as old as political philosophies from Classical Greek days. The formalization of LME stems from the term "Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL)‚ a concept developed by Dansereau‚ Graen‚ and Haga in 1975‚ with their paper‚ "A Vertical Dyad approach to leadership within formal
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The development of American civilisation in the New World is a result of the Native American and African black labourers. Forced to surrender to Spanish authority‚ examine the social consequences of the Columbian exchange. Needing labourers to excavate mines‚ work in textile factories‚ sugar plantations and farms‚ the Spanish and Portuguese employed the Native Americans and Africans. Considered dispensible‚ many natives died at an early age either because of the newly introduced diseases or the
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greatly interested in colonizing and taking full control of the land discovered in the Americas and Africa. The exchange of diverse plants‚ food‚ and animals would ultimately lead to a better life for the Europeans‚ as they would be exposed to new items. The Columbian Exchange brought many effects‚ socially and economically‚ to the New World‚ Africa‚ and Europe. The Columbian exchange began after the explorations of Christopher Columbus in 1492. After exploring what Columbus initially thought was
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Founder of the theory The founders of the theory were Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor. Altman is a distinguished professor of psychology at the University of Utah whereby Taylor is a professor of psychology at the University of Texas‚ Arlington. Altman and Taylor developed this theory to provide an understanding of the closeness between two individuals. Apparently‚ social penetration is defined as a process that moves a relationship from non-intimate to intimate. The theory states that this
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Cognitive theory approach emphasizes that a person’s behavior depends on the way he or she perceives the social situation or the importance of the social environment as perceived by an individual. A core idea in cognitive perspective is that people tend to spontaneously group and categorize objects which focus on current perceptions rather than on past learning. Cognitive theory is a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. The
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Introduction Information technology has made great strides in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of how information is organized‚ stored‚ processed‚ and shared in today’s organizations. With the vast amount of information available at the touch of a button‚ there are several human aspects that should be considered when implementing and maintaining an information management system. It can be a very difficult task for information managers to find the right combination of technology‚ access
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SOCU 301 Social Research Design Exercise 6.2 Name : Social Research Ethics For each case‚ (a) identify what you believe to be the one or two ethical issues that are most apparent in the situation‚ drawing from the ethical issues discussed on Babbie‚ pp. 63-81‚ and (b) explain why you think this case represents a minor‚ moderate‚ or severe ethical violation. 1. A political science instructor asks students in an introductory class to complete questionnaires that the instructor
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Extrinsic rewards are the tangible rewards given employees by managers‚ such as pay raises‚ bonuses‚ and benefits. They are called extrinsic because they are external to the work itself and other people control their size and whether or not they are granted. In contrast‚ intrinsic rewards are psychological rewards that employees get from doing meaningful work and performing it well. Extrinsic motivation is when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward
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Social Penetration Theory Social penetration theory‚ also known as the ‘Onion Theory’‚ was a theory formulated by professors Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor on 1973 on the development of interpersonal relationship. The social penetration theory states that as relationships develop‚ communication moves from relatively shallow‚ non-intimate levels to deeper‚ more personal ones. It mainly concentrates on the development and degree of self-disclosure‚ voluntary act of revealing or sharing of oneself
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Social Theories of Aging Introduction The fundamental biological problem that all theories of aging seek to explain was stated very elegantly in 1957 by Williams when he wrote‚ "It is indeed remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis‚ a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the much simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed." The difficulty in attempting to establish an understanding of aging is that it is not a single physiological process. It is
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