6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page i 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/15/07 2:14 PM Page iii ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Second Edition DR. DAVID R. KLEIN Johns Hopkins University JOHN WILEY & SONS‚ INC. 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 Marketing Manager Production Manager Production Editor Cover Designer 5:02 PM Page iv Amanda Wygal Pamela
Free Atom Chemical bond Electron
Faculty of Science Undergraduate Modular Scheme Session 2010/2011 Semester 1 Level 3 ------------------------------------------------- MODULE: SM0260: Chemistry for Life Sciences ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DATE: 17 January 2011 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- TIME: 14.00 – 16.00 Instructions to Candidates This paper contains
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| 429 K | 242.4 K | Clear | Benzyl chloride | 126.58 g/mol | 1.1 g/mol | 452.15 K | 234.14 K | Clear | 1-chloroadamantene | 170.68 g/mol | | | | Clear | 1-iodobutane | 184.02 g/mol | 1.617 g/ml | 400-406 K | 169.65 K | Clear | Results: SN2 Reaction: Substrate | Reactivity Time | Reactivity | Explanation | 1-bromobutane | <1 min | reactive | Observed as reactive at about 1 min of shaking. The color changed from clear to light yellow. | 1-chlorobutane | >15 min | not reactive
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2-bromohexane CH3OH a) b) c) d) e) CH3CH2CH2CHCHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2 An equimolar mixture of a and b. A mixture of the major product a with the minor product b. A mixture of the major product b with the minor product a. 10. Consider the SN2 reaction of butyl bromide with OH- ion. Assuming no other changes‚ what effect on the rate would result from simultaneously doubling the concentrations of both butyl bromide and OH- ion? CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH- CH3CH2CH2CH2OH +
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each material we were going to be using‚ and the numbers we chose to use differed from our reference text slightly. We used 6.5 mL of our assigned butanol and only 4 mL of sulfuric acid. Going back to our reaction mechanisms‚ we were looking at SN1 and SN2 reactions‚ so we of course used the hydrobromic acid as our acid catalyst which would be protonating the hydroxyl group of our butanol‚ to make a better leaving group‚ so that the bromine radical would be able to attack the leftover carbocation
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while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The sulfuric acid will accelerate the chemical reaction with being consumed in the process‚ it will increase the concentration of the protonated alcohol‚ which then can form an alkyl bromide by either an SN1 or SN2 reaction. The reaction for both mechanisms depends on the concentration of protonated alcohol and the catalyst should increase the rate of the reaction. This could increase the amount of alkyl bromide produced‚ but it could increase the side
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to an alcohol. In this research‚ tert-butyl alcohol was reacted with cold concentrated HCl to produce tert-butyl chloride. The crude product was distilled to yield a pure tert-butyl chloride. The tert-butyl alcohol‚ together with HCl‚ underwent an SN1 nucleophilic substitution reaction‚ which is composed of three steps—(1) propanation of alcoholic oxygen‚ (2) formation of carbocation‚ and (3) attacking of the nucleophile to the carbocation. The experiment was only able to yield 0.504 grams or 5.21%
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stereospecific 5 Examples of Topics covered for Revision Quiz 1 (not limited to the topics below) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Acids and Bases Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Alcohols and Alkyl halides Elimination Reactions of Alkenes SN1 and SN2 Aromaticity and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Aldehydes and Ketones Enols and Enolates 6 Project Presentation Search the literature for work on pericyclic reaction or rearrangement Make a summary of the work and do a 15 minutes
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Chapter 17—Alcohols and Phenols SHORT ANSWER Drawing Instructions: Draw structures corresponding to each of the given names. 1. Draw: cis-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol ANS: 2. Draw: 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol ANS: 3. Draw: 2-phenyl-2-propanol ANS: 4. Draw: glycerol ANS: 5. Draw: 2‚ 4‚ 6-trinitrophenol ANS: IUPAC Naming Instructions: Provide proper IUPAC names. 6. Name: ANS: (E)-2-ethylbut-2-en-1-ol 7. Name: HOCH2CH2OH ANS:
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Geometrical isomers: (E) and (Z) systems. Enantiomers and diastereoisomers; chirality‚ plane polarized light‚ racemization and absolute configuration. 4. Single bonded functional groups 4 Alkyl halides: Classification and characteristics. Reactions‚ SN1‚ SN2‚ E1‚ E2 and their mechanisms‚ Grignard reagents Alcohols and ether: Synthesis‚ dehydration and oxidation of alcohols. Ether cleavage. Amines: Nucleophilic substitution‚ basicity and reaction with nitrous acid. 5.
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