APInterventions and Practices Considered 1. General prophylaxis 2. Measures to achieve safe mechanical ventilation 3. Measures to prevent aspiration 4. Selective use of antibiotics to control outbreaks Note: Routine use of oral and systemic antibiotics was considered but not recommended. 5. Oral care with antiseptic agents 6. Daily interruptions or lightening of sedation and avoidance of paralytic agents 7. Gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis with either
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Road traffic accidents (RTA) remain the most common cause of injuries accounting for 57 - 70% of chest trauma patient. Between 20 - 46% of deaths in poly-traumatic patients are due to chest injury (1‚ 2) . Pneumothorax is a common complication of blunt chest trauma.(3) Rate of occurrence of tension pneumothorax is 10% while traumatic pneumothorax‚ iatrogenic pneumothorax and delayed pneumothorax occur in 33.6%‚ 18.1% and 12% traumatic population‚ respectively (3) . Mechanism of chest trauma including
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My Pico question: P: Women between 18-69 years presenting for cervical cytology screening. I: HPV DNA testing C: Cytology Screening O: Sensitivity for detecting cervical precancerous lesions. Article 1: Int J Cancer. 2014 Jul 1;135(1):166-77. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28640. Epub 2014 Jan 24. Is HPV DNA testing specificity comparable to that of cytological testing in primary cervical cancer screening? Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pileggi C1‚ Flotta D‚ Bianco A‚ Nobile CG
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Summary and conclusion ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ 6.1: The chapter 1 deals with the introduction of zoonotic diseases caused by Leptospira and Brucella and their global incidence. Leptospira is ubiquitous in nature affecting both man and animals‚ while Brucellosis is a neglected‚ reemerging‚ zoonotic‚ endemic and communicable disease. Epidemiologically‚ the risk groups will vary according to the climatic conditions thereby can cause epidemics as well as endemics. They are transmitted to the humans when they
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time enough sensitivity and specificity to distinguish PDAP patients from controls. In their study‚ authors could not find this number. 0/3 side to side QualST differences were found only in 3% of PDAP patients (sensitivity 97%)‚ but only in 60% of healthy controls (too many false positives; specificity 60%). On the other hand if 2/3 or 3/3 QualST differences were found‚ specificity was high (low risk of false negatives)‚ but too many PDAP cases would remain undiagnosed (low sensitivity). Authors concluded
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differentiate between benign and malignant lesions[7].Kumar’s study about 35 cases of mediastinal lymphadenopathy diseases showed that appropriately increasing the cut off values can improve the specificity‚ while maintaining an acceptable sensitivity[8]. When 2.5 or 6.2 was used as the cutoff value‚ the sensitivity‚ specificity‚ positive predictive value(PPV)‚ negative predictive value (NPV)‚ and accuracy were 93%‚ 40%‚ 54%‚ 89%‚ 63% and 87%‚ 70%‚ 68%‚ 87%‚ 77%‚ respectively[8]. However it has been shown that
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are the meanings of the terms prevalence‚ predictive value‚ sensitivity‚ and specificity? The prevalence of a disease is simply a measure of the frequency with which the disease occurs in the population of interest. The predictive value of a test is simply the posttest (updated) probability that a disease is present based on the results of a test. The word used to describe this relationship is specificity The notion of sensitivity the likelihood that a given piece of data will be observed
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5.2. Performance Analysis Factors The most widely used measures to assess the performance of diagnosis the disease systems is as follows. Table 7 shows the confusion matrix containing the information about actual and predicted classifications which is used to evaluate the performance metrics. The entries in the confusion matrix have the following meaning in the context of our study: tp (true positives) is the number of cases covered by the rule that have the class predicted by the rule. fp (false
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Introduction The beef industry has been significantly impacted by the emergence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (Callaway et al.‚ 2013). Specifically‚ Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 is a foodborne pathogen of significant public health importance. It can cause mild to bloody diarrhea in humans which may progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention‚ 1993; Hussein‚ 2007) that can be fatal in children‚ the elderly and immunocompromised individuals.
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Use of SDS-PAGE/Western Blot Techniques as Diagnostic Tools for Equine Medical Conditions SDS-PAGE Overview Electrophoresis is commonly used to separate proteins using an applied electrical field. SDS-PAGE separates proteins by molecular weight‚ using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; also known as lauryl sulfate) to denature them and a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel as a sieving matrix. The net charges of folded proteins are not dependent upon molecular weight. Rather‚ charge is determined by
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