Chapter 1: Introduction to Seismic Vulnerability Assessment 1. Background Earthquakes and other natural hazards can create disasters of uncontrollable magnitudes when they hit large metropolitan areas. Earthquake risk assessment is used to quantify potential social and economic losses from earthquakes. Risk assessment is an integral part of disaster mitigation. It provides the critical information about on the characteristics of potential disasters in a region and allows planners to identify
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Figure 5.19 The mortar in unreinforced masonry walls such as these in Iran‚1990(A) can easily fail during an earthquake. Oftentimes the entire structure crumbles‚ leaving a pile of rubble in which survive. Shown in(B) is one of the many masonry homes to collapse during the 1988 Armenia earthquake (M6.9)‚ claiming nearly 25‚000 lives. The failure is called soft-story collapse. Soft-story collapse is a common problem in commercial building where the first floor has considerable open space for
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released in an earthquake produces seismic waves that move through the earth. Frequency range of seismic waves is large‚ from as high as the audible range (greater than 20 hertz) to as low as the frequencies of the free oscillations of the whole Earth (2 and 7 millihertz). Attenuation of the waves in rock imposes high-frequency limits‚ and in small to moderate earthquakes the dominant frequencies extend in surface waves from about 1 to 0.1 hertz. The amplitude range of seismic waves is also great in most
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Question 4. What is the distance in kilometers between the seismic station and the epicenter? Choose one answer. a. 2400 km b. 2600 km c. 2800 km d. 3000 km Correct Marks for this submission: 1/1. 5 Marks: 1 Questions 5 through 11 are based on Lab Exercise #2: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake. Record your answer from Lab Exercise #2‚ Step 1. What is the time lag for noted at the Seattle‚ Washington‚ seismic station? Choose one answer. a. 45 seconds b. 50 seconds
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MATERIALS 1 10Hz 395 Ohm Oyo-Geospace Geophone (seismic energy sensor) 1 Metal Ground Strike Plate (seismic energy source earth coupling mechanism) 1 Heavy Piece of Metal (seismic energy source) 1 Analog Voltmeter (for measuring sensed seismic signal amplitudes) 1 Amplifier DC Offset Circuit (for amplifying seismic signals sensed by geophone) -1 experimental socket board -6 volt lantern battery -47k Ohm resistor -2.2k Ohm resistor - ICL 7660 integrated circuit - IC 741
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an earthquake. A circle is drawn on a globe around each seismic station; the radius of these circles is equal to the distance from the seismic station to the epicenter; the point where the three circles intersect is the epicenter of the earthquake. Concept Check 14.7 1. Name the zone in which most strong earthquakes occur Seismic Zone Concept Check 14.11 1. Briefly describe how seismic waves are used to probe Earth’s interior. Seismic Wave are used to monitor changes in the ground elevation
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“Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that the plate tectonics theory is valid” Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement (40m) The theory of plate tectonics explains the structure and motion of the Earth’s lithosphere. The theory states that the Earth’s crust is split into large sections called tectonic plates‚ and these move relative to one another creating boundaries at which the plates converge‚ diverge or move past each other. These plates
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that occurs when rocks break and that results in relative movement or opposing sides. Seismic Wave- earthquake waves‚ including primary waves‚ secondary waves‚ and surface waves. Epicenter- the point on earths surface located directly above the earthquakes focus. Magnitude- a measure of the energy released by and earthquake. Seismograph- instrument used to record seismic waves. Tsunami- powerful seismic sea wave that begins over an ocean floor earthquake can reach 30 minutes height when approaching
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Objectives: By the end of this activity‚ the student will be able to: 1. Identify P and S waves on seismograms‚ 2. Determine the distance of an epicenter from a seismic station using travel time curves‚ 3. Locate the epicenter of an earthquake by triangulation‚ and 4. Calculate the time of origin of an earthquake based on seismic data Materials Needed: • 3 component seismograms‚ • Travel time curve‚ • Globe or map for locating epicenter‚ • String (with globe) or compass (with
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the seismic deficiencies in the Midwest and East of the United States incorporate the New Madrid Fault situated in the State of Missouri. The New Madrid Fault was in charge of 1811-12 four substantial New Madrid Earthquakes of extent of around 7. New Madrid Earthquakes are intraplate quakes that happen inside of the tectonic plates and stay to date the most capable seismic tremors to hit this some portion of United States in written history. From that point forward‚ incessant little seismic tremors
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