1. Cellulose‚ starch‚ and glycogen are very similar‚ yet very different. Describe the process by which each of these molecules is formed. Why does the subtle difference in how the simple sugar monomers are bonded in starch and cellulose affect how the two molecules are used? Cellulose is built from glucose molecules bonded covalently together through a process known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Each alternating glucose
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released. These are the most commonly made of recycled and/or natural organic materials. They utilize nature’s abundant supplies to create a replica or substitute for our plastics. One example would be the “Biodegradable plastic bags” made from the starch of the Cassava plant (Manihot esculent). The new plastic has been able to capture the interests of buyers‚ enabling it to advocate the benefits and obvious effects one can receive from using an eco-friendly product. To further elaborate the example
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soaked and place in a bowl. It was then grinded using a spoon. The starch on it was extracted a Muslim cloth. The juice/extract was separated from the starch and was placed on the remaining two bowls. One fourth kilo of starch was produced. After that‚ the starch was set on a fiber glass. It was flattened and the top layer was covered with plastic cover. It was then dried under the sun. After about 7 hours of sun drying‚ the starch was removed from the fiber glass. Same treatment was also done for
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Abstract This experiment was carried out to monitor the ability of the Barley Amylase Enzyme to effectively break down starch in solutions that are increasing in neutral pH. To do this the experiment was carried out so that tubes containing a reaction solution of the Amylase enzyme and starch were simultaneously mixed. The reactions were then introduced to I2-KI‚ which stopped the reactions‚ at two minute intervals. Each of these trials was repeated three times to ensure proper accuracy. After
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catalysts work best at optimum temperatures and pH’s. The temperature and pH at which the reaction occurs the quickest is the ideal condition for the enzymatic reaction. Alpha amylase converts starch into glucose and when starch is combined with I2KI indicator a dark purple solution forms. As the enzyme breaks down the starch the absorbency will decrease. The absorbency is measured through the spectrophotometer which reads the transmittance of the wavelengths that pass through the solution. In order
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Small samples of acetaminophen‚ acetylsalicylic acid‚ cellulose‚ starch‚ and caffeine were obtained. These samples were then placed into seperate sets of test tubes that contained water‚ acetone‚ or dichloroethane. Solubilities were then tested for each sample in each solution which can be seen in Table 5. Next‚ four random pills were obtained and weights were taken of each. Each of the pills were grinded up using a separate mortar and pestle. The grinded up pills were then weighed. The grinded
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We found that‚ in acidic pH environment‚ the reaction rate of starch being broken down by alpha amylase is less than that of the reaction rate at a neutral and slightly basic pH environment. This finding partially supports our hypothesis. The spectrophotometer readings in our experiment measured the absorbance of 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid‚ a colored molecule formed after dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) has reacted with the products of the enzymatic reaction or the simple sugars. Therefore‚ the absorbance
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and bacterial amylase‚ as well as the optimal temperature needed for the enzyme to correlate with the bacteria and fungi. The enzyme’s break down within the starch was observed through different temperatures and time periods. The Starch was placed in both the fungal and bacterial amylase where they were then placed on spot plates. Through the iodine test‚ it was concluded whether the breakdown of starch occurred or not. The experiment
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fungal Amylases and evaluate how temperature affects the catabolic rate of enzymes. Enzyme reaction rate was measured using an Iodine test in which drops of starch solution with either fungal or bacterial Amylase exposed to different temperatures were mixed with Iodine. Iodine is a dark blue color in the presence of starch and turns light yellow in its absence. Bacterial Amylase had an optimal temperature of 55°C‚ meaning that starch was broken down the fastest at this temperature. Fungal Amylase showed
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Review Application and research progress of starch in polymer materials★ Wang Zhi-fen‚ Fang Lin‚ Zhang Ke-xi‚ Fu Xin Abstract: Starch a natural polymer that is characterized by cheap‚ regenerative‚ and good biodegradation is generally mixed with low density polyethylene‚ high density polyethylene‚ polypropylene‚ and polystryrene to prepare degradable materials. In order to relieve "white pollution" due to undegradability of plastic materials‚ starch is mixed with polyvinyl alcohol‚ polylactic acid
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