Unit 2 Lecture Study Guide 1) What are the parts of an atom? Where are the subatomic particles found? Parts of an atom- divided into two basic regions: 1. the central nucleus (contains heavy particles) 2. the electron cloud (contains very light‚ moving particles) Subatomic particles: 1.Protons (found in the central nucleus) 2.neutrons (found in the central nucleus) 3.electrons (spin rapidly in a cloud around the central nucleus) 2) How does the Atomic Mass # differ from the Atomic
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flow of information from gene to protein is based on the triplet code. The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of three-base words called codons. The three-base codons in DNA are transcribed into complementary three-base codons in RNA‚ and then the RNA codons are translated into amino
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packing tends to promote gene expression. Silencers are sites in DNA that Selected Answer: c. bind repressor proteins to inhibit the start of transcription. Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called Selected Answer: d. activators. Which of the following best expresses the degree of success that has been attained in the cloning of humans? Selected Answer: d. A cloned human embryo
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The six kingdoms are Bacteria‚ Archaea‚ Protista‚ Fungi‚ Plantae‚ and Animalia. Viruses do not belong to the above 5 kingdoms of life. They are much smaller and much less complex than cells. They are macromolecular units composed of DNA or RNA surrounded by an outer protein shell. They have no membrane-bound organelles‚ no ribosomes (organelle site of protein synthesis)‚ no cytoplasm (living contents of a cell)‚ and no source of energy production of their own. They do not exhibit autopoiesis--i
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2) Transcription is the process of DNA being read and a messenger RNA is made. Translation is the messenger being read and the protein built. Both transcription and translation is the process needed in order to create a new life form. 3) Evolution 4) RNA was the molecule that did it all. Everything started with those molecules. Nothing consisted more than RNA molecules. Like the chicken and the egg example‚ the RNA could act as either the chicken or the egg and replicate itself. It
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Eric Lab 2 Questions 1. Monosaccharides and polysaccharides are two classes of Carbohydrates 2. Long chains of amino acids make up Proteins_ and contain the atom _Nitrogen which is unique to this macromolecule. 3. Fats like triacylglycerols are the macromolecule ___lipids_____. 4. You just reviewed type of carbohydrates. Glucose is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide ‚ whereas starch contains compound carbon chains and is a polysaccharide . 5. Polysaccharides are formed by a dehydration
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If this ratio is 1.8‚ then we can be sure that dsDNA is pure. But if the reading is less than 1.8‚ then the dsDNA was contaminated with protein or phenol and if the reading is more than 1.8‚ then we can be sure that the dsDNA was contaminated with RNA or degraded DNA. Good-quality DNA will have an A260/A280 ratio of 1.7–2.0. Strong absorbance around 230nm can indicate that organic compounds or chaotropic salts are present in the purified DNA. A ratio of 260nm to 230nm can help evaluate the level
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Contents REAL TIME PCR 2 REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (qPCR) 2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 3 TYPES OF PCR 4 qPCR STEPS 4 ONE-STEP OR TWO-STEP REACTION 6 Overview of qPCR and qRT-PCR components 6 REAL TIME PCR SYSTEM: 7 SOFTWARES FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND PRIMER DESIGNING 8 STANDARD REAL-TIME PCR PROTOCOL 9 ASSAY DESIGN 9 2. Nucleic acid purification 9 3. Reverse transcription 9 4. Controls and normalization 9 5. Standard curve evaluation of efficiency‚ sensitivity‚ and reproducibility
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Chapter 5 – Short answer a) Phosphorylation - the addition of phosphate to a chemical compound b) What are the 3 mechanisms of phosphorylation used by organisms? • Substrate level phosphorylation – ATP is generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) to ADP • Oxidative phosphorylation – electrons are transferred from a group of organic compounds to a group of electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD); occurs in inner mitochondrial
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Main topics on midterm labs 1-9 lectures 1-9 Operon; bacterial promoter; Rbs; DNA polymerase vs RNA polymerase function (lec #1) - Transcription is carried by RNA polymerase that RNA polymerase recognizes to a specific sequence (the promoter) and start making mRNA next to that position. - Usually‚ typical bacterial promoter carries tow consensus sequences (the sequence that all the organism shares) TTGACA at position of -35. TATAAT at -10. - As mRNA is being transcribed
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