Genetic Manipulation of Lactococcus lactis by Using Targeted Group II Introns: Generation of Stable Insertions without Selection Courtney L. Frazier‚ Joseph San Filippo‚ Alan M. Lambowitz and David A. Mills Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003‚ 69(2):1121. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.2.1121-1128.2003. Downloaded from http://aem.asm.org/ on June 6‚ 2013 by UNIVERSITY OF DELHI Updated information and services can be found at: http://aem.asm.org/content/69/2/1121 These include: REFERENCES This article
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Using the DNA sequence‚ make a complimentary RNA strand from both the human and the cow. Write the RNA directly below the DNA strand (remember to substitute U’s for T’s in RNA) 2. Use the codon table in your book to determine what amino acids are assembled to make the insulin protein in both the cow and the human. Write your amino acid chain directly below the RNA sequence. Sequence 1 - Human C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A RNA : G G U A U C G U G C A A U G U U G C A C
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are used in immune systems to help protect our bodies from infecting viruses. This method involves the use of an enzyme known as Cas9 and a guide RNA. A virus’s DNA becomes spacers in the CRISPR sequence when the new virus infects the bacterium. This sequence will then begin the process of transcription in which it will become a guide RNA. This RNA will then be used to guide the Cas9 to locate the target sequence within the viral genome‚ so that the Cas9 can snip off this sequence and kill the
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N10/4/BIOLO/HPM/ENG/TZ0/XX 88106001 Biology HigHer level PaPer 1 Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. • Answer all the questions. • For each question‚ choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided. 8810-6001 17 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 – 2 – 1. N10/4/BIOLO/HPM/ENG/TZ0/XX [Question and image
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Major Chemical Properties for Cellular Respiration: We need oxygen at the cellular level for this to be complete. Why do you need oxygen? What is your body trying to do? Your body needs to produce energy‚ which is why you go through these metabolic processes‚ and that’s ultimately why you need oxygen. So we are trying to produce ATP as our energy source. So ultimately your energy cannot be created‚ it only changes form‚ so where does that energy come from in your body? We’re going to convert it into
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also known as a virion‚ is essentially a nucleic acid ( HYPERLINK "http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/DNA.htm"DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Viruses are extremely small‚ approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in diameter. Viruses: Genetic Material Viruses may have double-stranded DNA‚ double-stranded RNA‚ single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA. The type of genetic material found in a particular virus depends on the nature and function of the specific virus. The genetic
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Control The virus then releases its genetic material (either single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) into the cell. In doing this‚ the cell is infected and can also be targeted by the immune system. This relation is called master-slave relation. Biosynthesis The virus’ nucleic acid uses the host cell’s machinery to make large amounts of viral components. For DNA viruses‚ the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules which are afterwards used to control the cell’s ribosomes. The first
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any activites of the cell‚ the nucleus is the control centre of the cell. Organelle: Nucleolus Structure: The nucleolus is found in the chromosomal areas of the nucelus and it is made up of proteins and RNA. Function: The function of the nucleolus is to form ribosomes by modifying ridosomal RNA‚ it is also part of the eukaroytic cells stress response which it can react to due to certain environments. Organelle: Endoplasmic reticulum Structure: There is two types of endoplasmic reticulum‚ smooth
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Questions such as "How does it infect its victims?"‚ "How are Ebola victims treated?"‚ "How are Ebola outbreaks controlled?" and many others related to this deadly virus. GENERAL INFORMATION The Ebola virus is a member of the negative stranded RNA viruses known as filoviruses. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus - Zaire (EBOZ)‚ Sudan (EBOS)‚ Tai (EBOT) and Reston (EBOR). They are very similar except for small serological differences and gene sequence differences. The Reston
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Ebola genome is a single-stranded RNA approximately 19‚000 nucleotides long. It encodes seven structural proteins such as nucleoprotein‚ polymerase cofactor‚ transcription activator‚ RNA- dependent RNA polymerase. The Ebola virus is a Filovirus. These virus types cause fever or cause bleeding inside and outside the body when having a very high fever. Ebola can be further divided into subtypes that are named for the location they were identified. Ebola carries a RNA genome that are cylindrical‚ contains
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