History of Indian Budget India’s first Finance Minister Sir R.K. Shanmugham Chetty‚ presented the first Finance Budget of independent India on November 26‚ 1947. Since then‚ 28 differentUnion Finance Ministers have been presenting the budget year after year. Initially‚ major attention was paid towards the agriculture sector but as the economy evolved‚ the focus shifted from agriculture to other sectors like industrial‚ financial etc. During the early the fifties‚ Indian budget highlights revolved
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Namibia Regional Economics: FIN-111 Assignment 1 Question 1 a) Opportunity and sunk cost Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that must be sacrificed when you make a choice and it applies everywhere. For Example: If a person chooses to use vacation time to travel rather than to do renovations on the house. Thus‚ the opportunity cost of the tour could be said to be the forgone home renovations. Sunk costs are costs that were incurred in the past and
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to the cost of that vacation‚ the budget is a very important issue to decide the possible destination. Every one looks to the dream vacation but we have to adapt it to our budget. The people with a low budget have limited choices or ability to enjoy their vacation in their countries. On the other hand the people with a high budget can visit variety of places. The vacation will be affected directly by type of budget: low budget‚ medium budget‚ and high budget. The first group includes
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evolved organizations development to manage successful sustainability and planning of work design. Work design entails of activities such as job distribution‚ coordination‚ direction and management‚ which are focused towards the accomplishment of organizational objectives. This study helps in identifying and analyzes various types of work design that are being used at workplace. In this study the organization’s name‚ its products and services‚ size of organization and a brief description of what is work
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budgeting E-Book Basic definations i. A budget is a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial and other resources over a specified forthcoming time period. 1. The act of preparing a budget is called budgeting. 2. The use of budgets to control an organization’s activities is known as budgetary control. Difference between planning and control i. Planning involves developing objectives and preparing various budgets to achieve those objectives. ii. Control involves
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introductory topic on Management Information System Organizations are formal social units devoted to the attainment of specific goals. The success of any organizations is premise on the efficient use and management of resources which traditionally comprises human‚ financial‚ and material resources. Information is now recognized as a crucial resource of an organization. Examples of organizations are business firms‚ banks‚ government agencies‚ hospitals‚ educational institutions
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This study draws out evidence from 11 organizations‚ local as well as multinationals‚ in Pakistan to test the ‘culture-sensitive’ view. A number of conclusions are drawn. First‚ the findings support this view; evidence shows enough similarities exist between local organizations and multinationals to indicate that the influences of the parent companies of multinationals are weakened by the national characteristics of the environments in which they operate. Second‚ it is pointed out that although
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Describe and analyse a subculture with which you are familiar. The definition of a subculture is a culture within a culture where a group develops distinctive norms and values that are different from those of the mainstream culture. The subculture that I will be writing about is called the Fan Base which is also know as the Fandom. A fan base or fandom is a group of regular supporters and enthusiasts that spend a rather large amount of time and energy focussing on a team‚ musician or musical
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Budget Definition: An estimate of costs‚ revenues‚ and resources over a specified period‚ reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals. One of the most important administrative tools‚ a budget serves also as a (1) plan of action for achieving quantified objectives‚ (2) standard for measuring performance‚ and (3) device for coping with foreseeable adverse situation. What is a budget and why is it important? Simply put‚ a budget is an itemized summary of likely income and expenses
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expense. Advertising budgets are the means of determining and controlling this expense and dividing it wisely among departments‚ product lines or services. This fact sheet describes various methods of establishing an advertising budget‚ and suggests ways of applying budget amounts to get the desired outcome. If Vodafone want to increase sales‚ it is almost certain that they will need to advertise. How much should they spend? How should they allocate their advertising budget? How can they be sure
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