Case Study 1: Breast Cancer Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were
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their condition‚ recognising early clinical deterioration and protection from harm or errors (Rogers et al‚ 2008). For over 100 years‚ nurses have performed this surveillance using the same vital signs: temperature‚ pulse‚ blood pressure‚ respiratory rate and in recent years‚ oxygen saturation (Ahrens‚ 2008). Prompt detection and reporting of changes in these vital signs are essential as delays in initiating appropriate treatment can detrimentally affect the patient’s outcome (Chalfin et
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suspected infection accompanied by evidence of two or more of the SIRS criteria’. SIRS is outlined as a ‘systemic inflammatory response’ consisting of two or more of the following symptoms ‘temperature >38 degrees Celsius or 90 beats per minute‚ respiratory rates greater than 20 breaths per minute and white blood count higher than 12‚000 cells per microliter or lower than 4000 cells per microliter’(Latto 2008). Severe sepsis requires rapid diagnosis and treatment it can be described as ‘the presence
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An Introduction to Gas Exchange Lecturer: Sally Osborne‚ Ph.D. Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences Email: sosborne@interchange.ubc.ca Useful link: www.sallyosborne.com Required Reading: Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach‚ Shwarrtzstein & Parker‚ Chapter 5 (pp 95-100; 111112). Objectives 1. Distinguish between the following terms: minute‚ alveolar and dead space ventilation; and anatomic‚ alveolar and physiologic dead space. 2. Specify the partial pressures of CO2 and O2
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ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME Is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden and progressive pulmonaryedema‚ increasing bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray‚ hypoxemia refractory to oxygensupplementation‚ and reduced lung compliance. These signs occur in the absence of left side failure. Patients with ARDS usually require mechanical ventilation with a higher than normal airway pressure. * PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ARDS Occurs as a result of inflammatory trigger that initiates the release of cellular
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The Real Science behind Energy Drinks 1. When we say that something gives us "energy”‚ what does that mean? What is a biological definition of energy? When we say that something gives us “energy” it means we can get sugars or carbohydrates and lipids from that. Humans need to eat carbohydrates and lipids to provide fuel for our body’s metabolism. Human body must have these chemicals in order to function and different food sources provide different types of energy. The biological definition
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY A STUDENT’S SURVIVAL GUIDE Second Edition HIRAM F. GILBERT‚ Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry Baylor College of Medicine Houston‚ Texas McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto • • • • • • • • • • • • BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY‚ 2/E Copyright © 2000‚ 1992 by the McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. All rights
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Staging For adults‚ the clinical staging relating to loss of blood volume can be classified as: * Class 1: 10 to15% blood loss; physiological compensation‚ only minimal tachycardia is seen. Usually‚ no changes in BP‚ pulse pressure‚ or respiratory rate occur. A delay in capillary refill of longer than 3 seconds corresponds to a volume loss of approximately 10%. * Class 2: 15 to 30% blood loss; postural hypotension‚ generalised vasoconstriction and reduction in
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normal: elevated with acidosis‚ Low following dehydration BUN >20 mg/dl elevated because of dehydration Creatinine >1.5 mg/dl; elevated because of dehydration Urine Ketones Positive Diabetic Ketoacidosis Patho: a. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus that develops When a severe insulin deficiency occurs: b. The clinical manifestation’s include hyperglycemia‚ dehydration‚ ketosis‚ and acidosis. 3. Interventions: a. Restore
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PG REVIEW HEART DISEASES IN PREGNANCY MODERATOR: PROF SUNIL AGARWAL STUDENT: ANKIT KUMAR SAHU INTRODUCTION Heart disease is the second most common cause of maternal death in Western countries‚ suicide being first1. According to CDC‚ heart disease is the leading cause of death in women who are 25 to 44 yrs old2. Maternal cardiac disease in a pregnant woman can present challenges in cardiovascular and maternal-fetal management thereby leading to significant non-obstetric
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