filtration pressure) = Kf (Pgc - Pbc - *gc ) Pgc *gc af ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ef Pbc Kf - water permeability - total surface area for filtration GFR= 120 ml/min ? liters/day Mesangial cells ECF ‚ (TBW‚ 42 liters) PeeSS RBF? Arthur Vander When renal sympathetic nerve is stimulated‚ the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure A. will increase B. will decrease C. may or may not decrease D. I don’t like Starling D. this question stimulates my para-sympathetic and makes me want to pee Net
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Diabetes‚ Renal: National Kidney Federation: www.dh.gov.uk www.kidney.org.uk Abbreviation Key: ACEI ARB BHS CKD ESA LoSalt NSAID PCR PTH RAS RRT SLE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Angiotensin Receptor Blocker British Hypertension Society Chronic Kidney Disease Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (Potassium containing salt substitute) Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory Drug Protein:Creatinine Ratio (best lab test for proteinuria) Parathyroid hormone Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Replacement
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serious clinical implications. Uric acid is a useful diagnostic tool as screening for most of purine metabolic disorders. The importance of uric acid measurement in plasma and urine with respect of metabolic disorders is highlighted. Not only gout and renal stones are indications to send blood to the laboratory for uric acid examination. Also familial nephritis‚ neurological abnormalities with mental retardation are reasons to know uric acid levels in blood and urine. Clinical significance In serum
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clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function .A more complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example‚ a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion. The typical human
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sodium‚ it will reduce the plasma volume and thus reduce the blood pressure (Widmaier‚ Raff & Strang 2001). The change in blood pressure will be detected by baroreceptor and initiate reflexes that influence the renal arterioles and tubules to reduce glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Renal cells secrete renin that indirectly cause adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion. Increasing in aldosterone will stimulate cortical collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption and reduces sodium excretion
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kidney: — Maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of fluid and electrolytes and removing wastes through the formation of urine. ž Other important functions: — Regulation of acid-base balance — Control of blood pressure — Renal clearance — Regulation of RBC production — Synthesizing vitamin D to the active form — Secreting prostaglandins — Regulating calcium and phosphorus balance. Nephron ž Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons ž Two types
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moves via the process of osmosis: movement of water from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Tubular secretion is the final step in the process of urine formation which transfers materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen and occurs mainly by active transport. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) when there is a decrease in water concentration (increase in osmolarity) which will cause an increase in water reabsorption (decrease
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be able to reabsorb water and prevent it from being excreted. Humans are also able to regulate by controlling the total amount of water that is passed out of the body through urine waste or sweat‚ this is carried out with the help of the excretory system. To prevent the loss or the gain of water from cell in the body‚
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Assign appropriate E/M codes for the following five cases: o Initial consultation for a 78-year-old woman with unexplained weight loss‚ abdominal pain‚ and rectal bleeding. Comprehensive history and examination performed. The E/M code I would use for this case would be 99205. I chose this code also since the patient is older and high complexity of the decisions the doctor may need to make. Her comprehensive examination and history will also help with determining if there are any other factors
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Renal System Study Guide Med/Surg I Major Functions of Kidney: Regulation of Homeostasis -Filters blood & regulates contents (water content & blood volume) -Maintain acid-base balance -Control fluid & electrolytes -Excrete metabolic waste products -Control BP (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) Urinary System Structure: Kidneys (produce urine)‚ Ureters (transport urine to bladder)‚ Bladder (stores urine)‚ Urethra (conduct urine outside body) *Nephron- working unit of kidney *Kidneys receive
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