decreased depending upon the level resolution required. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level detector metal strips (L1 through L12) and their associated components. In the circuit‚ diodes D1‚ D2 and D13 form half-wave rectifiers. The rectified output is filtered using capacitors C1 through C3 respectively. Initially‚ when water level is below strip L1‚ the mains supply frequency oscillations are not transferred to diode D1. Thus its output is low and LED1 does not glow
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used to receive the infrared signal transmitted by remote control. The circuit is powered by regulated 9V. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 12V-0-12V. The transformer output is rectified by full-wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 and D2‚ filtered by capacitor C9 and regulated by 7809 regulator to provide 9V regulated output. Any button on the remote can be used for controlling the speed of the fan. Pulses from the IR receiver module are applied as a trigger
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ConstruCtion microcontroller-based Ultrasonic distance meter and receiver)‚ current buffer ULN2003‚ operational amplifier LM324‚ inverter here are several ways to measCD4049‚ four 7-segment displays‚ five ure distance without contact. transistors and some discreet comOne way is to use ultrasonic ponents. The ultrasonic transmitterwaves at 40 kHz for distance measurereceiver pair is shown in Fig. 1. ment. Ultrasonic transducers measure Ultrasonic generators use piezothe amount of time
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Automatic street light monitoring using IR and LDR Abstract Street lights are generally switched ON and OFF by the electricity department. A separate person is appointed to take care of these activities without any fail. A part from this if irrespective of the season i.e. whether it is summer or Winter the Street lights are switched ON at the same time in the evening around 6:30 pm and switched OFF at around 6:00 am. And we know that it will be more sunny in summer season with enough light up to
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An Industrial training report On AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By M.SHALINI ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES Sangivalasa -531162‚ Bheemunipatnam (mandal) Visakhapatnam‚ Andhra Pradesh 2009-2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our sincere thanks and gratitude to Roshan sir for all the support and kindness he has bestowed upon us
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time. If any obstacle crosses the IR‚ automatically particular light will be ON‚ for few seconds. In our project we use regulated 5V‚ 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. The programming language used for developing the software to the microcontroller is Embedded/Assembly. The KEIL cross compiler is used to edit‚ compile and debug
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sensors are in wet. The comparator does the above job it receives the signals from the sensors. This project uses regulated 5V‚ 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. The LM324 series consists of four independent‚ high gain‚ internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from
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receiving system will check the data and decrypt according to a specific algorithm and displays on the LCD.This project uses regulated 5V‚ 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 WIRELESS HISTORY:- The wireless era was started by two European scientists‚ James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. In 1984
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Electromotive Force Projectile Accelerator Proposal Why build an Electromotive Force Projectile Accelerator (EFPA)? Electromotive Force Projectile Accelerators have the ability to accelerate without using any sort of propellant. In addition‚ EFPA’s can be built with no moving parts‚ an attribute that makes them highly reliable and silent instruments. The basic EFPA uses a voltage source and a combination of circuitry to accelerate an object to a desired speed. This is what makes EFPA a fairly
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MATRIX CONVERTERS Dr Pat Wheeler‚ Dr Jon Clare‚ Dr Lee Empringham‚ Mr Maurice Apap and Mr Michael Bland School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Nottingham‚ Nottingham‚ UK Tel. +44 (0) 115 951 5591‚ Fax. +44 (0) 115 951 5616‚ email. Pat.Wheeler@Nottingham.ac.uk SUMMARY Recently there has been considerable interest in the use of matrix converter technology for motor drive applications‚ with particular interest being shown by Siemens‚ Rockwell and Yaskawa. This paper gives
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