All surface water and some groundwaters require treatment prior to consumption to ensure that they do not represent a health risk to the user. Health risks to consumers from poor quality water can be due to microbiological‚ chemical‚ physical or radioactive contamination. However‚ microbiological contamination is generally the most important to human health as this leads to infectious diseases which affect all populations groups‚ many of which may cause epidemics and can be fatal. Chemical contamination
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Ethers have much lower boiling points compared to alcohols of comparable MWs. BPs of ethers increases with increasing MW. BPs of isomeric ethers increase with increasing alkyl chain length. BPs of ethers are about the same as those of alkanes of comparable MWs. Solubility of ethers in water is comparable to that of alcohols. As chain length of ethers increases‚ solubility in water decreases. Branching of the alkyl chain results in greater solubility since London forces are weaker
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Caroline Guidry Dr. Beverly A. Clement Organic Chemistry 2423‚ Section 304 25 October 2017 Lab 6: Natural Products I The main goal of this experiment was to employ isolation techniques to derive chemicals from two different natural sources and study their properties (Clement 91). The two natural sources used in this experiment were an orange (the peel contains limonene‚ which is a terpene) and a dichloromethane solution of clove oil (which contains eugenol‚ an acetogenin). To isolate the eugenol
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Algae Could Solve World’s Fuel Crisis Von Philip Bethge Dan Robertson is working on algae that can produce biofuel. Genetically modified blue and green algae could be the answer to the world’s fuel problems. Bioengineers have already developed algae that produce ethanol‚ oil and even diesel -- and the only things the organisms need are sunlight‚ CO2 and seawater. For reasons of data protection and privacy‚ your IP address will only be stored if you are a registered user of Facebook and you
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Experiment 1: TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs 1/23/2011 Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to test our knowledge and understanding of TLC analysis by having us do a TLC analysis of analgesics to figure out their main chemical components. Calculations: 1.) Rf = Distance spot traveled/ distance solvent traveled Results: Table 1: TLC Analysis Analgesic Drugs | Rf Value | Acetaminophen | 0.323 | Aspirin | 0.597 | Caffeine | 0.081 | Unknown 154 (Plate 1) | 0.081‚ 0.306‚ 0.597
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absorption frequencies in the spectrum‚ and associate each with a specific bond (e.g. O–H‚ C=O). Keep in mind that there are usually only one or two key bands in each spectrum‚ although in some cases you might observe up to three. Do not label the alkane C–H stretch‚ since these bands are present in most organic compounds. 2. Assign a letter from the structures given (A – J). There is only one structure per spectrum. 3. Identify the main functional group present in the structure (i.e. ketone‚ alcohol
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classes namely: Saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compounds. They are hydrocarbons in which all carbon- carbon bonds are single bonds. An example of a saturated hydrocarbon is an alkane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds like double bonds‚ triple bonds‚ or both. Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbons have similar physical properties‚ but their chemical properties are different
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IMPORTANT TOPICS OF CHEMISTRY 2009 Chap No.1 Q.1- Define chemistry & branches of chemistry any three? Q.2-Lrean about history of chemistry for short question and fill in the blanks? Q.3 what is scientific method? Define hypothesis and theory? CHAP NO.2 Q.1-Learns about any three laws of chemical combination only statement and example? Q.2-Define chemical reaction and types of chemical reaction with one example for each with the help of chemical equation? Q.3-Define MOLE‚ Atomic no
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Lab 22: 4-Methylcyclohexene Abstract: We treated 4-methylcyclohexanol with phosphoric acid‚ and after purification we produced the end product 4-methylcyclohexene. We determined we had a pure product based on the results of the tests with Br2 and KMnO4‚ as well as the IR absorbtion spectrum of the final product. Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to obtain pure 4-methylcyclohexene by reacting 4-methylcyclohexanol and phosphoric acid. Through distillation
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chlorine is passed into boiling alcohol‚ both chlorination of the methyl group and oxidation of the primary alcohol group to an aldehyde occur‚ giving trichloro-acetaldehyde or chloral: When chloral is treated with caustic alkali‚ fission of the C-C linkage occurs‚ giving chloroform and a formate. Acetaldehyde and also many ketones‚ such as acetone‚ containing the CH3CO- group behave similarly when treated with calcium or sodium hypochlorite‚ chlorination of the CH3CO- group being immediately followed
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