CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1 History and examination of the cardiovascular system I Mitral stenosis 3 2 Mitral regurgitation 8 3 Mixed mitral valve disease 12 4 Aortic regurgitation 13 6 Mixed aortic valve lesion 23 7 Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease 24 8 Hypertension 27 9 Atrial fibrillation 31 10 Palpitations 35 11 Slow pulse rate 37 12 Gallop rhythm 39 13 Angina pectoris 41 14 Acute myocardial infarction 45 15 Jugular venous pulse 52 16 Congestive cardiac failure 54 17 Infective
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are several types of valve disease‚ the two most common are valvular stenosis and valvular insufficiency. Valvular stenosis occurs when the opening of the valve is smaller than normal causing the valve to work harder to push blood often resulting in heart failure and other serious conditions. Valvular stenosis can occur in any of the four heart valves‚ called tricuspid stenosis‚ pulmonic stenosis‚ mitral stenosis‚ and aortic stenosis. Valvular insufficiency‚ also called regurgitation or “leaky valve”
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these studies either enrolled only patients with risk factors for cervical stenosis (nulliparous or menopausal patients ) or enrolled heterogeneous population of patients (with and without risk factors for cervical stenosis)[1‚4]. Till now‚ no studies have yet investigated the benefits and risks of misoprostol administration prior to office hysteroscopy in the subgroup of patients with no risk factors for cervical stenosis (i.e. parous women of reproductive age who have no history of cesarean section
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Purpose The digestive system prepares food for use by hundreds of millions of body cells. Food when eaten cannot reach cells (because it cannot pass through the intestinal walls to the bloodstream and‚ if it could would not be in a useful chemical state. The gut modifies food physically and chemically and disposes of unusable waste. Physical and chemical modification (digestion) depends on exocrine and endocrine secretions and controlled movement of food through the digestive tract. Mouth Mouth
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MRCP 2 Onexam.com 2012 1. A 28-year-old woman was admitted to hospital during her 28 week of pregnancy complaining of dyspnoea. Her symptoms had become increasingly more debilitating over a period of eight weeks. On the day of admission she felt dyspnoeic at rest‚ and was unable to lie flat. There was no past history of note‚ other than an admission for repair of a dislocated lens two years previously. This was her first pregnancy. Urine dip-stick was negative for protein. Inpatient investigation
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Pulmonary Valve Stenosis. Some of the symptoms (NY Times‚ 2009) include bluish coloration to the skin‚ chest pain‚ fainting‚ fatigue‚ poor weight gain or failure to thrive‚ shortness of breath and sudden death. PVS is usually caused by a problem that happens when the fetus is forming. Though the cause is unknown‚ genetics could play a role. Moreover‚ there are plenty other symptoms of the Congenital Heart Disease. Aortic Stenosis According to (PubMed Health‚ 2010) in Aortic Stenosis‚ the aortic
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heart defects. According to the American Medical Association Family Medical Guide‚ about 8 out of every 1‚000 children are born with heart abnormalities‚ or congenital heart defects.( AMAFMG p. 389) The 4 most recurring defects are Pulmonary Stenosis‚ Aortic Stenosis‚ Atrial Septal Defect and Ventricular Septal Defect. ( Radiologic Technology 2008) The most common form of congenital defect is Ventricular Septal Defect or VSD. A VSD is an opening of the septum that separates the left and right side
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The criterion for success is stenosis < 50%. Failure is defined as progression to stenosis > 50% or a repeat procedure performed on that segment. If a second procedure is performed on the same anatomic artery proximal or distal to the index stent‚ that artery is censored and classified as a success up to the date of the new procedure. Percent stenosis was determined by comparing the minimal luminal diameter within the stented segment with
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is right-sided uncinate joint hypertrophy and right lateral recess stenosis and right foraminal impingement. At C5-6‚ there is a central disc herniation with anterior thecal sac impingement. There is no foraminal impingement. Well-corticated loose body is seen posterior to the spinous process of T1 likely related to old trauma. The lumbar scan showed at L4-5‚ there is a broad based disc herniation with severe lateral recess stenosis bilaterally. There is also bilateral foraminal and anterior thecal
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The peak gradient through the aortic valve is 30 mm Hg. This finding represents what degree of aortic stenosis? – – – – A) Mild B) Moderate C) Severe D) Unknown Pre Test • 2) A young woman with a history of a heart murmur and a mid systolic click has an echo study performed to assess for mitral valve prolapse. What echo view is most appropriate to make
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