-1A2 CHEMISTRY MODULE 4 definitions (aqa) Rate of Reaction The rate of change of concentration with time (mathematically d[X]/dt). Units are mol.dm-3.s-1 (moles per cubic decimetre per second) Initial Rate This is the rate at the very beginning of the reaction when all the starting concentrations are known exactly. Rate Equation Rate Expression A mathematical expression which relates the rate to the concentrations of substances involved in the reaction Rate Constant‚ k This is the multiplying
Free PH Acid dissociation constant Acid
hydrogens. These hydrogens are split into protons and electrons. The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial cristae‚ releasing energy at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space‚ creating a gradient. Due to this gradient‚ the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inner membrane. This movement of protons allows 28 ADP and 28
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration Metabolism
biology. Elements‚ Atoms‚ and Compounds 2.1 Define matter‚ an element‚ a compound‚ and a trace element. 2.2 Explain how and why iodine‚ fluoride‚ and iron are added to the human diet. 2.3 Distinguish between the size‚ location‚ and properties of protons‚ electrons‚ and neutrons. 2.3 Define the atomic number and mass number of an atom. 2.3 Define an isotope and explain what makes some isotopes radioactive. 2.4 Describe the uses and dangers of radioactive isotopes. Chemical Bonds 2.5 Explain
Premium Atom Hydrogen
mass of an atom? The atomic number‚ the number of neutrons and add the numbers together. This is the atomic mass. 2. What information would you need to determine the atomic number of an atom? The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. 3. Chlorine (Cl) has 17 electrons‚ 17 protons‚ and 18 neutrons what is the atomic mass of Cl? 34 4. What is the charge of the above Cl atom? Neutral If it gains one electron and now has 18 electrons what will the charge be? Negative 5. pH measures
Premium Protein Atom Amino acid
chain‚ the high energy electrons in these NADHs and FADH2s will act as a pump “along a chain of channel proteins across the inner membrane of the mitochondria”.1 The proteins exchange the electrons to transfer hydrogen protons outside the mitochondria. However‚ due to the high proton concentration outside the mitochondria‚ they will return to the inner membrane through ATP
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration Metabolism
level phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electrochemical gradient‚ set up by the oxidation of nutrients‚ of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate ATP from ADP. During oxidative phosphorylation‚ electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen‚ in redox reactions of the electron transport chain. These redox
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration
to shield astronauts from the harmful effects of radiation. Hydrogen is a great form of radiation shielding because it absorbs the particles well. Hydrogen is normally found as a single electron and proton‚ causing it to be a great radiation shield‚ due to the similar size of hydrogen and the protons and neutrons from radiation. Hydrogen can be extracted from the water ice found in the north and south poles on Mars. The element would be extracted through the process of electrolysis‚ where an electric
Premium Sun Earth Solar System
of radiology. After completing High School‚ Chadwick attended Manchester University in 1908‚ and later graduated from the Honours School of Physics in 1911 and spent the next two years under Professor Rutherford whom he helped in the creation of ‘proton-electron
Premium Nuclear weapon World War II Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway through which glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized to pyruvate (CH3COCOO−). It takes place in the cytosol of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. During the first steps of glycolysis‚ 2ATP molecules are used to attach two phosphates to the glucose molecule‚ leaving a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and 2 ADP molecules. Afterwards‚ the 6-carbon sugar diphosphate is split into two 3-carbon sugars by the enzyme Isomerase. The two 3-carbon sugar molecules then both undergo
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration Metabolism
two or more water-soluble ionic compounds react in aqueous solution to form one or more insoluble precipitates. a precipitate is a solid that separates from a solution a species that donates a proton - acid a species that accepts a proton - base hydronium ion - formula is H30+ ‚ hydrated proton‚ H+ commonly used to represent it‚ formula H+(aq) can be used to represent the ion because its acidic properties are unaffected by the degree of hydration when a strong acid reacts with a strong
Free Acid Chemistry Sodium chloride