chemical reactions that occur in perfect synchronization. Also‚ these reactions take place at an incredibly fast rate; however‚ without enzymes‚ these reactions could possibly take several years to complete. An enzyme is a macromolecule‚ generally a protein‚ that lowers the activation energy of a reaction without being changed by the reaction‚ and this causes the reaction to occur much faster than usual (Campbell et al.‚ 2014). The act of speeding of a chemical reaction is called catalysis‚ and molecules
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Kwashiorkor is a disease that is caused by malnutrition when there is not enough protein in the diet. Other names for Kwashiorkor are protein malnutrition‚ protein-calorie malnutrition‚ and malignant malnutrition (Kwashiorkor‚ 2011). Kwashiorkor is most common in areas where there is famine‚ limited food supply‚ and low levels of education. This disease can occur when people do not understand how to eat a proper diet. In very poor countries‚ this disease is more common. Often Kwashiorkor occurs during
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Effects of Temperature‚ pH‚ Enzyme Concentration‚ and Substrate Concentration on Enzymatic Activity INTRODUCTION Enzymes‚ proteins that act as catalysts‚ are the most important type of protein[1]. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions and can go without being used up or changed [3] Without enzymes‚ the biochemical reactions that take place will react too slowly to keep up with the metabolic needs and the life functions of organisms. Catecholase is a reaction between oxygen and catechol
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Study Questions 1. Definitions/terminology: o enzyme: a protein molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions without itself being destroyed or altered o catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed by it. o substrate: a substance upon which the enzyme acts. o denaturation: the partial or total alteration of the structure of a protein without change in covalent structure by the action of certain physical
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This technique if performed in three phases: (I) prepare the gel and (II) make the blot‚ (III) hybridize and visualize blot. In phase one‚ the gel is prepared in three steps: (1) chemical digestion‚ (2) electrical separation‚ and (3) chemical denaturation. In the first step‚ the DNA sample is digested with three restriction enzymes that were picked as part of a triple digest plan. The result of which can be used to make a restriction map of the DNA of interest. Secondly‚ after the digestion of the
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cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases’ DNA is a double helix in a right handed manner. There is no relation between genome size and animal size. Central Dogma of Genetics: All DNA flows from DNA > mRNA > protein Size: The helix has a 2nm diameter‚ and for each helical turn‚ there is ~10 nucleotides. (note that the smallest viruses are~60nm) It is named DNA because: D: Deoxyribo- The pentose sugar doesn’t have any oxygen on position 2. N: Nucleic- These
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DNA denaturation is a process that breaks apart the double stranded helical structure typical of DNA into two single DNA strands. This occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the base pairs together in a double helix. A hindrance to DNA denaturation is base stacking; base stacking energies are so strong that they essentially cause adjacent bases to cohere. Since this step
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Goodpasture’s syndrome (GS) is a rare disease‚ identified by Dr. Ernest Goodpasture in 1919 He described the syndrome during the influenza pandemic of 1919 when he reported on a patient who died from bleeding in the lungs and kidney failure. The incidence of Goodpasture is estimated to 1 case per million per year. This disease occurs more commonly in white people than in black people and is widespread in men than in women. Goodpasture syndrome is a pulmonary-renal syndrome‚ which is a group of acute
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process of polymerization? Taking monomers and making polymers. What are the four molecule characteristics of living things? Proteins(made from amino acids)‚ Carbohydrates(made from monosaccharides)‚ Nucleic acid( made from nucleotides)‚ lipids What is a macromolecule? give examples Polymers with molecular weight exceeding 1000 g/mol. examples: proteins‚ carbohydrates‚ nucleic acid‚ lipids What is a functional group? Group of atoms that link together and have the same function
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Blood Quiz 1. The most abundant leukocytes are _____. a. Basophils b. Monocytes c. Lymphocytes d. Neutrophils – ANS 2. Platelet formation is regulated by ______. e. Interleukin-2 f. Thrombopoietin - ANS g. Plasmin h. Erythropoietin 3. In a centrifuged sample of blood‚ what makes up the buffy coat? i. Plasma j. WBC and platelets - ANS k. RBC l. Platelets only 4. What is hematocrit a measure of? Hematocrit
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