(COX)‚ it is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid. The first step in the synthesis of PGs is the release of the arachidonic acid from phospholipids in the cellular membrane‚ this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phospholipase A2‚ then two molecules of oxygen are added to arachidonic acid by the action of COX enzyme to form prostaglandin PGG2‚ then by the action of peroxidase‚ prostaglandin PGH2 will be formed‚ it is an unstable intermediate from
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synthesized and used as precursor for the synthesis of novel series of pyrimidines. Both groups have been evaluated for their effects on the cyclooxygenases (COXs) that are imperative enzymes in the genesis of prostaglandin H2‚ which is an antecedent for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins‚ thromboxanes and prostacyclins. The results depicted that chalcones and pyrimidines are very active inhibitors according to the pattern of substitution. Compounds C4‚ C5‚ P4 and P5 with methoxylation and nitro
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Shier‚ Butler‚ and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology‚ 12th ed. Chapter 13: Endocrine System Chapter 13: Endocrine System I. Introduction and II. General Characteristics of the Endocrine System (Outcome 13.1‚ 13.2‚ 13.3) A. The endocrine glands secrete . (Outcome 13.1‚ 13.2‚ 13.3) B. Hormones diffuse from ________________________ into ___________________ and eventually act on . (Outcome 13.2‚ 13.4) C. Paracrine secretions
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also as an anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin works by prohibiting biological substances such as prostaglandins. Many different prostaglandins exist in the human body each serving a plethora of physical functions. Prostaglandins are amongst the chemicals produced by the body’s immune system when it fights off pathogens. These pathogens usually cause inflammation and pain. Following infection‚ prostaglandins are also produced the hypothalamus‚ the brain’s centre for controlling body temperature‚ resulting
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facilitate parturition (Cree et al‚ 1999). Generally the uterus is insensitive to oxytocin however this dramatically increases with exposure to increased levels of oestrogen in the blood. The release of oxytocin consequently produces release of prostaglandins‚ which also helps to mediate uterine contraction. In cases where uterine contractions are not sufficient to complete delivery‚ physicians sometimes administer oxytocin to further stimulate uterine contractions (Leung‚ S.T. and Wathes‚ 1999).
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Aspirin is a salicylate‚ also known as a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is the generic name of acetylsalicylic acid and is used clinically to treat fever‚ pain and inflammation as it works by preventing the formation of prostaglandin. Prostaglandin is the active agent that is responsible for the sensitisation at the nerve endings. It can be administered orally‚ rectally or by intravenous route. (6) Benzene ring Carboxylic acid Ester Alkane Aspirin has a pKa of 3.49 and a melting
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------------------------------------------------- Animal nutrition Introduction to animal nutrition There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates‚ fats‚ fiber‚ minerals‚ protein‚ vitamin‚ and water. These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients are carbohydrates‚ fats‚ fiber‚ proteins‚ and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. The macronutrients
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Inflammation-response to foreign organisms or antigenic substance Chronic or Acute Phagocytosis and neutralization of invading organism is beneficial but it can go to far such as in Rheumatoid arthritis Understand the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandins in the inflammatory process. Be
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also appears to have effects on cell surface antigens. According to Taussig (1980)‚ this pineapple protease inhibits the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins‚ through direct action. Accompanied with trauma or prolonged exposure to excessive stress inhibits endogenous proteases. This relatively increases the proportions of the prostaglandins responsible for the symptoms of inflammation. In addition‚ it has been established that bromelain’s specificity is similar to that of endogenous protease
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NSAIDs and Kidney P Ejaz‚ K Bhojani‚ VR Joshi* Abstract NSAIDs are commonly used drugs. Even with the advent of selective COX-2 inhibitors‚ nephrotoxicity still remains a concern. The adverse effects of NSAIDs are mediated via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid by non-specific blocking of the enzyme cyclooxygenase leading to vasoconstriction and reversible mild renal impairment in volume contracted states. When unopposed‚ this may lead to acute tubular necrosis and acute
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