Map Projections A way of representing the earth’s curved surface on a flat surface of map is known as map projections. A globe represents the most accurate position‚ place of different things present on earth but a globe is not practical for many of the functions for which we require a flat map. Map projections help us to represent most of the earth’s surface at a wide variety of scales‚ on a flat‚ easily transportable surface. A globe is the true representation of distance‚ direction‚ area‚
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Chapter 2: Analysis of marketing strategy (4 P’s) 2.1 Product Strategy 2.1.1 Product Classification Crocs Grace Heel is classified as consumer product. It bought by final consumers for personal consumption. Crocs Grace Heel is categorized as shopping product on consumer product. This product will be bought by consumers rarely‚ which consumers buy it for personal consumption as needed. Consumers are willing to buy it less frequently at a higher price. Grace Heel is only available at fewer purchase
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innovative products are introduced or consumer tastes have changed. There is intense price cutting‚ and many more products are withdrawn from the market. Profits can be improved by reducing marketing spending and cost cutting. As sales decline‚ the firm has several options: * Maintain the product‚ possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses. * Harvest the product–reduce costs and continue to offer it‚ possibly to a loyal niche segment. * Discontinue the product‚ liquidating
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Customer-Segment Pricing Product-Form Pricing Image Pricing Channel Pricing Location Pricing Time Pricing Price Discrimination Differentiated Pricing Promotional Pricing Geographical Pricing (Cash‚ Countertrade‚ Barter) Changing Pricing Environment How Companies Price Understanding Pricing Consumer Psychology and Pricing Reference Prices Price-Quality Inferences Price Cues Survival Maximum Current Profit Maximum Market Share Selecting the Pricing Objective Maximum Market Skimming Product-Quality Leadership
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Method of Research Descriptive Method Descriptive research is also called Statistical Research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies‚ averages‚ and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate‚ it does not gather the causes behind a situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding
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Trend projection method is a classical method of business forecasting. This method is essentially concerned with the study of movement of variable through time. The use of this method requires a long and reliable time series data. The trend projection method is used under the assumption that the factors responsible for the past trends in variables to be projected (e.g. sales and demand) will continue to play their part in future in the same manner and to the same extend as they did in the past in
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Product costing systems in modern manufacturing organisations Product costing refers to the process of assigning shared direct and indirect costs to individual products‚ customers‚ branches or other cost items. (USAID‚ 2007) Product costing is also referred to as assigning costs to inventory and production based on the expenses that go into producing or buying inventory. It is an important process for manufacturers that helps improves management information on products and helps managers and the
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financial projection essential element of planning that is the basis for budgeting activities and estimating future financing needs of a firm. Financial projections (forecasts) begin with forecasting sales and their related expenses. The basic steps in financial forecasting are: (1) project the firm’s sales; (2) project variables such as expenses and assets; (3) estimate the level of investment in current and fixed assets that is required to support the projected sales; and (4) calculate the firm’s
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New-Product Development and Product Life-Cycle Strategies Based on: Philip Kotler et al.‚ Principles of Marketing International Marketing Prof. Dr. Thomas Laukamm Objectives - Understand how companies find and develop newproduct ideas. - Learn the steps in the new-product development process. - Know the stages of the product life cycle. - Understand how marketing strategies change during the product’s life cycle. Fach‚ Dozent‚ Semester International Marketing Prof. Dr. Thomas
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6-B3 Dropping a Product Line Hambley’s Toy Store is on Regent Street in London. It has a magic department near the main door. Suppose that management is considering dropping the magic department‚ which has consistently shown an operating loss. The predicted income statements‚ in thousands of pounds (£)‚ follow (for ease of analysis‚ only three product lines are shown): General Electronic Magic Total Merchandise Products Department Sales £6‚000 £5‚000 £400 £ 600 Variable expenses 4‚090 3‚500
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