What appears on the next page is a graph representing “aggregation bias” in data. Per Bakken’s report‚ he assumes that there are no differences between stand-alone retail properties (such as Walgreens) and strip-mall retail properties. He even uses a case study to “prove” that there are no differences in rents between strip and stand-alone retail properties. However‚ by looking at the graph on the next page‚ it is possible to find a stand-alone retail property (from Submarket B) that overlaps with
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CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 8.1 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing LEARNING OBJECTIVES 8.2 Four Steps to Hypothesis Testing After reading this chapter‚ you should be able to: 8.3 Hypothesis Testing and Sampling Distributions 8.4 Making a Decision: Types of Error 8.5 Testing a Research Hypothesis: Examples Using the z Test 8.6 Research in Focus: Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests 8.7 Measuring the Size
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“Accept” the Null Hypothesis by Keith M. Bower‚ M.S. and James A. Colton‚ M.S. Reprinted with permission from the American Society for Quality When performing statistical hypothesis tests such as a one-sample t-test or the AndersonDarling test for normality‚ an investigator will either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis‚ based upon sampled data. Frequently‚ results in Six Sigma projects contain the verbiage “accept the null hypothesis‚” which implies that the null hypothesis has been proven
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A hypothesis is a claim Population mean The mean monthly cell phone bill in this city is μ = $42 Population proportion Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is π = 0.68 States the claim or assertion to be tested Is always about a population parameter‚ not about a sample statistic Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e.g.‚ The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: μ ≠ 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING WHAT IS THIS HYPOTHESIS???? • In simple words it means a mere assumption or supposition to be proved of disproved. • But‚ for a researcher it is a formal question that he intends to resolve. • Example: I assume that 1) under stress and anxiety a person goes into depression. 2) It leads to aggressive behaviour. Eg. : Students who get better counselling in a university will show a greater increase in creativity than students who were not counselled. • So‚ the hypothesis
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Hindsight bias: Hindsight bias is when you know something right after it happens and not while it is happening. Some people call it the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. This is where you watch a sports game and when the game is over‚ think to yourself that you knew they would loose‚ when in fact you were on the edge of your seat waiting to see how the game was going to end and if your team would win or not. (Myers‚ 2010‚ p.16.) I have had several instances where hindsight bias has
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confirmation bias can easily influence our perceptions and holding certain beliefs can also generate their own confirmation; regardless of the statistics‚ facts‚ or proof. Our preconception of our society‚ world‚ or even any given situation will greatly influence how we will interpret those things and situations or by the beliefs that we hold. Since most people tend to side with information that confirms how they may perceive a situation‚ a good example could be gun control and the bias that may arise
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Hypothesis testing I Kevin Soo Outline • • • • Theory and the research process What is a hypothesis? Hypothesis testing Statistical models Theory and the research process Theory • A belief – Can be true or false – P (belief) • A proposed/possible explanation for something – ‘Some students do poorly at statistics because they have less exposure to mathematics’ – ‘Women don’t date me because I’m ugly’ – ‘Manchester United lost the Premier League because they struggled with injury
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LESSON 20: PRINCIPLE OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING So far we have talked about estimating a confidence interval along with the probability (the confidence level) that the true population statistic lies within this interval under repeated sampling. We now examine the principles of statistical inference to hypotheses testing. By the end of this chapter you should be able to • Understand what is hypothesis testing • Examine issues relating to the determination of level of How is this
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called Tucson‚ whether the simulation has an identical experience to the real Tucson is not the philosophical point. The Matrix hypothesis is the same as the metaphysics hypothesis David Chalmers claims. The metaphysics hypothesis is made up of three hypotheses. These three hypotheses are known as computational‚ creation and mind body hypotheses. The computational hypothesis “Microphysical processes throughout space-time are constituted by underlying computational processes” (Christopher Grau‚ pp137)
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