Amines are aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ammonia. Amines‚ like ammonia‚ are weak bases (Kb = 10−4 to 10−6). This basicity is due to the unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Classification and nomenclature of amines Amines are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary based upon the number of carbon-containing groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom. Those amine compounds that have only one group attached to the nitrogen atom are primary‚ while those with two or three
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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Natural rubber is produced by over 2000 plants species and its main constituent is poly (cis-I‚4-isoprene).a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon. Since 1914 there have been efforts to investigate microbial rubber degradation: However‚ only recently have the first proteins involved in this process have been identified and characterized and have the corresponding genes cloned. Analysis of the degradation product of natural rubber and synthetic rubbers isolated from various
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Nitration is an example of an electrophile aromatic substitution reaction‚ where nitro (NO2) group is being substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic compound. This is achieved by the formation of the nitronium ion by protonation of nitric acid from sulfuric acid. The zirconium ion is a strong electrophile and can react with aromatic compound such as Methyl benzoate to form an arenium ion intermediate. The arenium ion is then depronated to reform the aromatic ring and yield the final product with the
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each of the following molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups: Solutions: (a). H 3C CH3 OH (b). O (c)
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Separation techniques LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ‘THE ART OF SEPARATION’ CHROMATOGRAPHY – AN INTRODUCTION Chromatography is a technique through which a mixture of chemical components are separated‚ identified and determined accurately. This technique while provides a way for analytical separations‚ also useful for preparative techniques by which pure compounds can be obtained. Detector Signal Blue Compound Sample Injection + Mobile Phase Retention Time Red Compound It is i defined d fi d as a
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strong. Hydrocarbons: Compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are grouped mainly into two‚ * Saturated: Carbon compounds in which only one pair of electrons are shared between two carbon atoms. * Unsaturated: Carbon compounds in which more than one pair of electrons are shared between two carbon atoms. Based on the nature of the carbon chain they are grouped as‚ * Chain form * Branched form * Ring form Alkane‚ Alkene and Alkyne…….. Alkane: Saturated hydrocarbons. Represented
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1.4 Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils Following are the methods used to extract essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants: • Hydrodistillation: For the isolation of essential oils by Hydrodistillation‚ the aromatic plant substances are packed in a still and a sufficient amount of water is added and brought near to a boil. Due to the influential effect of hot water and steam‚ the essential oil is unbounded from the oil glands present in the plant tissue. The combination of water
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Pharmacophore development for identification of anti-lung cancer drugs Pharmacophore development for identification of anti-lung cancer drugs Sadia Abbasi a‚*‚ Shanila Emmanuel a‚ Muhammad Haseeba‚ Aftab Khalil a‚ Saima Kulsoom b‚ Hamid Rashid a‚ Raisa Bano a a b Department of Bioinformatics‚ Mohammad Ali Jinnah University‚ Islamabad‚ Pakistan Department of Chemistry‚ Quiad-e-Azam University‚ Pakistan Lung cancer is one particular type of cancer that is more deadly and common than
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halogen group is targeted. Enzymes like oxygenases play a major role. The bonds like ester-‚ amide-‚ or ether bonds present in the compounds are first attacked leading to breaking down of compounds. In some cases the aliphatic chains and in aromatic compounds the aromatic components may be targeted. The site and mode of attack depends on the action of enzyme‚ its concentration and the favourable
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b-CD) cavity protons as well as roxatidine acetate hydrochloride aromatic ring protons revealed the formation of a RAH–b-CD inclusion complex. Detailed FTIR and NMR spectroscopic (1H NMR‚ COSY‚ NOESY‚ ROESY) studies have been done. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined to be 1:1‚ and the overall binding constant was also determined by Scott’s method. The NOESY spectrum confirmed the selective penetration of the aromatic ring of RAH into the b-CD cavity in comparison to that of the piperidine
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