Common Aspects of Acid Prehydrolysis and Steam Explosion for Pretreating Wood Hans E. Grethlein Michigan Biotechnology Institute‚ PO Box 27609‚ Lansing‚ Michigan 48909‚ USA & Alvin O. Converse Thayer School of Engineering‚ Dartmouth College‚ Hanover‚ New Hampshire 03755‚ USA Abstract The initial rate of hydrolysis using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei for various wood samples is directly proportional to the surface area available to the enzyme. Both dilute acid hydrolysis in a continuous
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Eric McKenzie Geophysical Science Honors February 14th‚ 2014 ACID RAIN 1. Acid rain is rainfall created by pollution in the atmosphere. When the rainfall occurs‚ it almost always causes harm to the environment. 2. Acid rain is caused by the release of certain compounds into the air‚ including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These compounds mix and react with chemicals such as oxygen and water and form acid rain. 3. Acid rain can harm the environment by acidifying lakes and streams‚ which greatly
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Acid Rain Acid rain occurs when Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is released into the atmosphere by electricity generation‚ motor vehicles‚ factories and by wildfires and volcanoes. Once released‚ the sulphur dioxide reacts with water to produce sulphuric acid. This has a pH of approximately 2-3 pH. This has a dramatic effect on water dwelling wildlife. Most water dwelling creatures can’t withstand water more acidic than pH 5. This causes the mass loss of life of animals such as trout‚ perch‚ frogs and mayflies
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EXPERIMENT 2: Recrystallization and Melting Point Recrystallization (or Crystallization) is a technique used to purify solids. This procedure relies on the fact that solubility increases as temperature increases (you can dissolve more sugar in hot water than in cold water). As a hot‚ saturated solution cools‚ it becomes supersaturated and the solute precipitates (crystallizes) out. In a recrystallization procedure‚ an impure (crude) solid is dissolved in a hot solvent. As this solution is cooled
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one of two very similar pentose rings. Ribonucleic acids contain the sugar ribose. Deoxyribonucleic acids contain the sugar deoxyribose. The only difference between these two sugars is that deoxyribose contains one oxygen atom less than ribose. Pentose sugars are essential because they are involved in linking different nucleotides together by condensation reactions. The Nitrogen-Containing Bases There are two types of bases found in nucleic acids. The purine bases have two nitrogen containing rings
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experiment is to successfully perform a dehydration of 1-butanol and 2-butanol‚ also dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane to form the alkene products 1-butene‚ trans-2-butene‚ and cis-2-butene. The dehydration reactions react under and acid-catalysis which follows an E1 mechanism. It was found that dehydration of 1-butanol yielded 3.84% cis-2-butene‚ 81.83% trans-2-butene‚ and 14.33% 1-butene‚ while 2-butanol is unknown due to mechanical issues with the GC machine. For the dehydrobromination
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CITRIC ACID IN A SOFT DRINK USING ACID/BASE TITRATION Copyright: Department of Chemistry‚ University of Idaho‚ Moscow‚ ID 83844-2343; 2007. INTRODUCTION The acid content of many foods and beverages contributes significantly to their taste. Soft drinks often contain varying quantities of several acids‚ which give sodas their tart flavor. In cola products‚ these acids are predominantly carbonic acid (from the carbonated water) and phosphoric acid. In sodas such as Squirt and 7-Up‚ the acids are
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Flowers and Acid Call them freaks‚ the underground‚ the counterculture‚ flower children‚ or just simply hippies‚ they are all loose labels for the youth culture of the 60’s that transformed life in the West as we knew it‚ introducing the spirit of freedom‚ of hope‚ of happiness‚ of change‚ and of revolution (Miles 9). The years that made up the 1960’s were some of the most exciting and turbulent years in American history. The post World War II baby boomers grew up. A president and
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4. 5. carbon monoxide carbon dioxide carbon tetrachloride dinitrogen monoxide dinitrogen pentafluoride N O N F III. Binary Acids • contain hydrogen and a nonmetallic element • are an aqueous solution of the pure compound • have prefix hydro‚ suffix ic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. hydroiodic acid hydrobromic acid hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid hydrocyanic acid HI(aq) HBr(aq) HCl(aq) HF(aq)
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bacteria go about happily with their lives‚ they eat the natural sugars in milk‚ called lactose. As they digest lactose‚ a number of byproducts are created‚ including lactic acid. When the amount of lactic acid in the milk begins to increase‚ the pH drops and the casein molecules begin to clump. The high levels of lactic acid are also what give spoiled milk its characteristically sour smell. Milk and Lemon Juice or Vinegar It’s not uncommon for recipes to call for lemon juice or vinegar to be added
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