Chapter 2 Genotype-phenotype • Phenotype: an individual’s directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics‚ which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors • Genotype: an individual’s genetic makeup Genes-chromosomes • Chromosomes: rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information • DNA: are what chromosomes are made out of; long‚ double-stranded molecule that looks like a twisted ladder‚ each ladder consists of a specific pair
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Results : Phenotype Expected Expected Observed Ratio Counts Counts (Eͥ i) ͥ (Oi) Deviation (di) =(EiOi) di² = (EiOi)² di²/Ei Purple 75% 657 642 15 225 .34 Yellow 25% 219 234 15 225 1.03 Χ² = ∑ (di / Ei) = 1.37 According to the chi square chart values we are 80% confident that our hypothesis is correct. Exercise 34. Trait Phenotype Your Phenotype
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expected) Genetic diagram A = Coloured allele. a = Colourless allele. Parents’ phenotype Coloured X Colourless (Kernel phenotype) Kernel genotype A A X aa Gametes A A X a a Possible genotypes of F1 generation Aa Aa Aa Aa (All Coloured) Parents phenotype Coloured X Coloured Parents genotype
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experiment was plant six different crosses and water them correctly so that we could observe the different phenotypes and compare them to Mendel’s proposed ratios. Mendel‚ who had studied peas‚ did a similar experiment and came up with specific ratios that a monohybrid and dihybrid cross should show. His findings were that for a monohybrid cross‚ such as my crosses three and six‚ the phenotypes would have a ratio of 3:1 (Russell 2003). My results show that cross six fails to reject Mendel’s hypothesis
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Genetics X143 Professor Yund 4.23.13 How do genes generate the Phenotype? “Every aspet of an organism is determined or influenced by the genes of the organism” What genes are‚ what they do‚ how they interact with eachother and the enviroment to generate a phenotype. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins or RNA molecules. These genes are the genetic material that is passed down from generation to generation in all species. The individual DNA segments each individual carries are
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Altruism for Survival “Pure” altruism is defined as the showing unselfish concern for another’s welfare without personal gain. However according to Richard Dawkins‚ in his Selfish Gene theory‚ pure altruism does not exist. This theory all boils down to expanding and maximizing inclusive fitness. The term selfish does not imply that there is any motives or will to act that way but can be accurately described in that manner. In this theory the body of every living creature‚ from an amoeba to
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Trait Selfpollination Crosspollination Pure P1 generation F1 generation F2 generation Dominant Recessive Law of segregation Law of independent assortment allele B. Genetic Crosses (92) ★ Use punnet squares to predict the phenotype and genotype of offspring ○ complete dominance ○ incomplete dominance ○ codominance ○ sexlinked ○ polygenic ★ Apply our knowledge of genetics/punnet squares to blood types Genetics Practice Problems (He/Ho‚ dominant/recessive (on paper)
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I. Describe the three kinds of genotype-environmental effects Scarr and McCartney assume and give an example of each. In a Passive genotype-environmental effect‚ the genetically related parents provide a rearing environment that is correlated with the genotype (genetic makeup of an organism) of the child. A child’s environment is correlated with their genes‚ which correlate with their parents’ genes because he or she is making decisions likely from their own preferences. Passive genotype-environmental
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Scientific Paper 4-10-13 Determining the Unknown Genotype of Corn Plants of the Zea mays Species from the Phenotypes of Offspring Produced Abstract No one particular organism is an exact replica of another. Diversity in the world is key for future generations to adapt to the fast changing world. This lab observed the corn plant of the Zea mays species to determine the genotype for the gene of tall versus dwarf in unknown parent corn plants by observing the seedlings produced. It was hypothesized
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The purpose of this project was to understand Mendel’s concept of a Dihybrid by performing similar crosses and calculated the phenotypes that are displayed. This project was conducted over many weeks by planting F1 seed and waiting for them to grow then cross-pollinating the F1 plants to produce the F2 seeds. Next students were to plant the F2 seeds and record the phenotypes. After all the data was collected we ran a statistical test called a Chi Squared to see if the hypothesis put foreword was correct
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