The 8 most common elements in the earth’s crust are Oxygen‚ Silicon‚ Aluminum‚ Iron‚ Calcium‚ Sodium‚ Potassium‚ & Magnesium. They compose 98.5% of the total crust. A mineral occurs naturally‚ is a soli‚ inorganic‚ has chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Native minerals are single elements. Compounds are 2 or more. There are more compound than native. You can identify minerals by color‚ streak‚ luster‚ hardness‚ cleavage‚ and fracture. Minerals form by magma erupting and
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Lucky Koritela #23 The Rock Cycle The rock cycle begins when Earth’s plates shift around leaving gaps in between them making a volcano. The magma under Earth’s crust come through the gap and spill out of the volcano. Then the magma (lava) cools down and hardens into igneous rock. As time passes the igneous rock weathers (using substances such as water) away into little chips. After getting smaller‚ erosion (using elements such as wind) transports the little rocks to different places. The deposition
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Due to the discovery of shock metamorphism rocks (suevite breccia) and melted original rocks scattering in the southern area of Bukit Bunuh‚ it was suspected that the area had the possibility of being impacted by meteorite. The founded boulders made the archaeologists from the Centre for Global Archaeological Research (CGAR) of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) to propose of the possibility of Bukit Bunuh as a meteorite impact site. This proposal was led to intense research in the area by utilizing
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SKPP 1313 Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Quiz 1 (20 marks) Name: _____________________________________________________ Answer all questions 1) Petroleum engineer can be divided into several groups. Name one of them and briefly explain his main duty. [3 marks] __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
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Describe how igneous activity can affect the landscape Igneous intrusions form when cooling‚ crystallization and loss of gases cause a once fluid magma to solidify. Most rocks that form intrusions originate as either granitic or basaltic magma. Granitic magmas are low density and small quantities‚ just a few kilometers wide‚ rise slowly through the earth’s upper crust‚ pushing existing country rock aside. However‚ very large granite masses‚ which can be up to 1‚000 times larger‚ are formed when magma
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Igneous Textures Cooling rates influence igneous rock textures. Rapid cooling at the earth’s surface results in tiny mineral crystals that can only be seen under a microscope. The resulting extrusive igneous rocks have an aphanitic texture. Rocks that form as magma cools slowly underground (intrusive igneous rocks) develop phaneritic textures‚ in which individual mineral crystals can be seen without a microscope. Some igneous rocks exhibit visible crystals (phenocrysts) in a matrix of tiny
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Igneous rock is a Latin word meaning fire; these rocks are formed from volcanic activity. This rock is one of three types of rock including sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Igneous rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of lava or magma. Igneous rock can be formed with our without crystallization‚ below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Volcanic rocks also known as extrusive igneous rocks include all the products resulting from volcanic eruptions of
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A joint is defined as a fracture in a rock between the sides of which there is no observable relative movement. They are present is most consolidated rocks of igneous‚ metamorphic and sedimentary origin. Joints may form as a result of either diastrophism or contraction. Description: (i) A series of parallel joints is called a ’joint set’. (ii) Two or more joint sets intersecting each other produce a ’joint system’. (iii) Two sets of joints nearly at right angles to one another‚ produced by the
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As all the students flooded into the classroom and started to unpack‚ the teacher‚ Mrs.Bentley‚ said‚ "Today you are going on a mini field trip to a park with Mrs.Crystal‚ who studies rocks and minerals! What you’re about to learn is a surprise!" The students cheered‚ wondering why they were going there. They gladly followed Mrs.Crystal out of the room and to the park nearby. Mrs. Crystal asked‚ "Do you know what inside a volcano?" Many hands shot up. She pointed to a girl. "Magma‚ and when it spews
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Predicting the compressive and tensile strength of rocks from indentation hardness index by S. Kahraman*‚ M. Fener†‚ and E. Kozman‡ Synopsis The prediction of rock properties from indirect testing methods is important‚ particularly for preliminary investigations since indirect tests are easier and cheaper than the direct tests. In this study‚ we investigate the predictability of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS ) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS ) of rocks from the indentation hardness
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