each national group‚ had a right to establish its own independent government and seek to fulfill its own destiny. But nothing could alter the fact that the age of nationalism had arrived‚ and so‚ on one level‚ the idea of Europe fragmented into particularism of the national ideal. But this did not all mean that the new system of nation-states was without norms. As Europe consolidated into fewer but larger states‚ the idea of Europe took on a normative role as a regulative idea. From 1848 onwards
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(McNeill‚ 2007) Process vs. Results Employee vs. Job Parochial vs. Professional Open vs. Closed System Loose vs. Tight Control Normative vs. Pragmatic Trompenaars/Hampden-Turner’s Seven Orientations (Mind Tools) Universalism vs. Particularism Individualism vs. Communitarianism Specific vs. Diffuse Neutral vs. Emotional Achievement vs. Ascription Sequential vs. Synchronous Time Internal vs. Outer Direction There are many other descriptions of cultural dimensions out there. These
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Masculine Low context cultures/ high context culture TROMPENAARS DIMENSIONS 4 Universalism/ particularism Individualism/ collectivism Achievement/ ascription Neutral/ affective Specific/ diffuse Internal/ external Time CULTURE DIMENSIONS’ IMPACT ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 5 Safety vs. risk Individual rewards vs. group rewards Centralized
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Trompenaars and Hamden Turner classified cultures along a mix of behavioral and value patterns. Their research focuses on the cultural dimensions of business executives. 1. Universalism vs. Particularism (What is more important‚ rules or relationships?) Universalistic Countries: focus more on formal rules than relationships; believe that their ideas and practices can be applied worldwide without modification (Germany‚ UK‚ US) Particularistic countries: more emphasis on relationships than rules
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will have to modify their approaches if they expect to be successful in other countries. In Mexico they believe in Individualism; meaning they look at themselves as individuals and they tend to guard their space more carefully. They believe in particularism which is the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied. They have neutral relationships and base their achievements on how well they perform their functions. The United States‚ European and even Japan have many
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be explained. Early evolutionism(Tylor and Morgan) - culture evolved from simple to complex- 3 stages of development savagery‚ barbarism‚ civilization - to account for variations – societies in different stages of evolution Historical Particularism – (Boas) disagreed with evolutionists that cultures are governed by universal laws - cultural trait has to be studied in the context of the society in which it appeared - only after body of the data was gathered could theories be proposed
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Particularism is branched off of multiculturalism‚ and it believes that people whom do not belong to a monoculture society‚ should recover their self-esteem by adapting‚ and learning the traditions of the dominant culture. Hence forth in a pluralism society
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universalism versus particularism‚ individualism versus collectivism‚ neutral versus affective relationship‚ specific versus diffuse relationships‚ achievement versus ascription. Meanwhile the others two is relation to time and relation to the environment. Universalism means when people put a premium on the law‚ regulations‚ values‚ and obligations. They are trying to deal fairly with people based on these regulations‚ but the rules which come before relationships. Meanwhile particularism means in Japan
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Sociology Test #2 Outline More concepts related to culture: high culture = culture of the wealthy pop culture = culture of the common people trend = something in the culture that endures over time fad = relatively short-lived element of the culture Socialization and related concepts Primary socialization = earliest occurring socialization anticipatory socialization = children?s play‚ trying on roles as they play Professional socialization = learning what is expected in a professional setting
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country MNCs. How might MNCs from North America‚ Europe‚ and Japan respond to these challenges? 3. What are the characteristics of each of the following pairs of cultural characteristics derived from Trompennaars’s research: univeralism vs. particularism‚ neutral vs. emotional‚ specific vs. diffuse‚ achievement vs. ascription? Compare and contrast each pair. 4. If a locally based manufacturing firm with sales of $350 million decided to enter the EU market by setting up operations in France
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