focused on providing stability in order to prevent war‚ establishing a balance of power in Europe by limiting France’s power‚ retaining legitimacy of rule throughout Italy and stopping the spread of nationalism. In many ways‚ the states of Italy were returned back to their state prior to 1796 when Napoleonic rule began. However‚ by 1949 it could be argued that many of the provisions of The Vienna Settlement in relation to Italy had been overthrown due to the various revolutions that took place and the
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It took sixty-five years for Italy to be transformed from a series of separate states ruled by restored monarchies after the Napoleonic invasion into a unified Kingdom of Italy under Piedmont with Rome as its capital. It took so long because there were many obstacles to the political unity of Italy. The influence of the Catholic Church was a very significant obstacle but it was one of many‚ such as the conservative rulers‚ the lack of popular support for unity and divisions amongst supporters
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studies there‚ he became an ordained a priest. education in Viterbo and Rome‚ he completed his studies at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci was ordained and entered the diplomatic service of the Papal States in 1837. His
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Angelo Secchi‚ S.J. Angelo Secchi’s Mission: Angelo Secchi was a Jesuit sometimes referred to as the ‘Father of Astrophysics’. After growing up in Reggio‚ Italy‚ his parents forced him to leave his hometown and move to Rome‚ once there he began his studies into the humanities and philosophy. Angelo became a great success in his work and made many large leaps in the field of Astrophysics‚ he pioneered stellar spectroscopy (the light spectrum of stars in the solar system) and he also made the first
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actions of numerous rulers over the course of history. These ideals include "the necessity of national unity based on a common language‚ culture‚ and economy and the preservation of national unity through the concentration and exercise of power by the state." (Adams‚ 31). The above principles had an immediate effect in 15th and 16th century Europe with many people trying to copy and adapt the ideals set forth by Machiavelli. The leaders‚ Cesare Borgia‚ Louis XII of France‚ and Charles I of Spain all
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Who was Mazzini and why was he important for Italian unification (How strong were ideas about Risorgimento in Italy by 1848?) Originally‚ The Risorgimento was inspired by French Rule: - Secret society - Particularly active in S. Italy - Naples= 60‚000 members - Elaborate rituals + unquestioning obedience to leaders - Mild aims (constitutional monarchy) - Mazzini felt their aims were aimless‚ no political opinion‚ no plan/idealism for future of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini 1805-72
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Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level HISTORY 9389/01 For Examination from 2015 Paper 1 SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME 1 hour MAXIMUM MARK: 40 This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. © UCLES 2012 [Turn over 2 Generic levels of response Part (a) Level 4: Makes a developed comparison [12–15] Makes a developed comparison between the two sources‚ recognising points of similarity and difference. Uses knowledge to evaluate the sources
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Albert seems to be successful in uniting the states of Italy to strengthen his campaign‚ for example‚ by joining Lombardy and Venetia with Piedmont and merging their armies into one in 1848‚ and aiding the rebels in Lombardy‚ his poor leadership effected the outcome of the 1848-9 Revolutions. Albert was uncomfortable with non-Piedmontese revolutionaries and made them swear an oath of loyalty to Piedmont‚ nor would he accept volunteers from other states in his army. This lack of unity hindered his
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William 1 papal intervention Pope alexander gave William I legitimacy with papal banner Stigand was excommunicated so couldn’t officiate William’s coronation in 1066 Pope alexander sent papal legate to re-crown William in 1070 William II 1088 trial of William of saint-Calais (bishop who supported rebellion‚ trial in Episcopal Church Rufus ruses papal intervention 1097 when William is threatened with excommunication as Anselm quits going to Rome as he’s been forever exiled Henry II papal intervention
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Is it accurate to describe the revolutions of 1848/49 in Italy as a total failure? During 1848 a series of revolutions swept across Europe and people took to the streets in protest at their rulers‚ and Italy was no different. In this essay I will be looking at the reasons for the failure of the revolutions in Italy and whether or not they should be seen as a total failure. There were a number of nations across the Italian peninsula during 1849-49. This was partly because of Italy’s lack of any
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