Lorrie PAP World History March 20‚ 2012 Vatican City & Papal States Vatican City‚ though relatively small‚ is swiftly growing and incessantly changing. Located inside the city of Rome within Italy‚ the Vatican‚ often referred to as the Holy See‚ is the world’s smallest state. (Holy See (Vatican City)) Vatican City is not only the world ’s smallest independent state‚ however the workings of its administration and economic affairs are exceptional‚ similar to it’s non-commercially based economic
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Louise Nicole R. Dabu Journalism 2 JRN 3 500 words Chef Noreen De Guzman: The Papal Experience 01/26/15- Top of the Citi Restaurant with Chef Noreen De Guzman Chef Noreen de Guzman‚ a pastry chef at the Chef Jessie Restaurant and one of the Chefs who served during the Papal Nunciature said that she wasn’t always a chef. She said that she graduated as a Medical Technology student back in college and did purchasing work for Chef Jessie’s Restaurants before becoming
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di Cavour who finally‚ using the tools of realpolitik‚ united Italy under the crown of Sardinia. "Realpolitik" is the notion that politics must be conducted in terms of the realistic assessment of power and the self-interest of individual nation-states (and the pursuit of those interests by any means‚ often ruthless and violent ones) and Cavour used it superbly. In 1855‚ as prime minister of Sardinia‚ he involved the kingdom on the British and French side of the Crimean War‚ using the peace conference
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Roman Catholic Church and the Papal Conclave On 11 February 2013‚ Pope Benedict XVI choose for the first time in almost six centuries to resign the papacy of the Roman Catholic Church instead of passing the responsibility on in death. The last Pope to resign his papacy was Gregory XII in 1415. This paper will discuss the history of the Roman Catholic Church’s belief in and use of the modern day “Papal Conclave”. Throughout this essay‚ there will be several terms used that may be unfamiliar and
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The three revolutionaries Giuseppe Garibaldi‚ Giuseppe Mazzini‚ and Count Camillo Benso di Cavour are the primary names associated with the process by which the many governments of the Italian peninsula came together as a unified kingdom. They all were pivotal in this unification process. In the years between 1830 and 1848 many events occurred in the country of Italy. The primary problems in Italy were a mix of economic depression‚ social clash‚ and radical ideas. Secret societies were formed‚ and
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various posts in government and parliament alike‚ Cavour became premier or prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1852. As prime minister‚ Cavour undertook many reforms which many deemed controversial at the time. His reforms largely liberalised the state‚ and also modernized it in many ways. Prior to Cavour’s becoming prime minister‚ Piedmont-Sardinia had introduced reforms which ran counter to the Church‚ the most striking example of which was the abolishment in 1848 of ecclesiastical courts‚ as well
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defeated and the restoration of the old regime and monarchs was started‚ Italy again became a country divided into eleven independent states‚ excluding the tiny principalities and the Republic of San Marino. So Italy was not unified after the Congress of Vienna due to a number of reasons‚ such as the foreign influence of the Central European Powers‚ parochialism within the states‚ the lack of a common language and a strong economy coupled with the poor geography that separated Italy from itself and the rest
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popular support. Other factors could be the strength of the Austria army‚ how there was no leader‚ a lack of unity and no foreign support. The revolutions failed due to the lack of popular/mass support. The revolutions in Modena‚ Parma and the Papal States had all been unsuccessful as The peasants that made up the majority of the population were generally not interested in unification. This is not surprising‚ since unification would not have had any tangible benefits for them. They were more interested
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new pop‚ Pius IX was believed to have liberal sympathies. E.g. he freed 2000 political prisoners‚ mostly revolutionaries. He reformed education‚ the law and papal administration and he gave laymen a greater share in public affairs. He also ended press censorship‚ allowed Jews out of the ghetto‚ granted Rome a constitution to replace absolute papal rule and created the Consulta‚ an elected body to advise the Pope. His strong evidence of liberalism encouraged nationalist and liberals‚ such as Piedmont
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revolutionaries. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 resulted in the separation of states in Italy and this greatly hindered the progress towards unification. The congress resulted in the restoration of the former rulers of these states including King Ferdinand II to Naples. Ferdinand was an oppressive ruler which led to a poor way of life for the people in this region. The congress also led to the public’s patriotism to their state instead of the whole of Italy. This meant it would be difficult to unite the
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