Carbachol = cholinomimetic drug that binds and activates the acetylcholine receptor. It is a cholinergic agonist used for treating glaucoma or during ophthalmic surgery. Choline carbamate Positively charged quaternary ammonium compound Not well absorbed in GIT tract and does not cross the BBB Not easily metabolised by cholinesterase 2-5 min onset of action Duration of action 4-8 hours (topical)‚ 24 hours for intraocular administration Parasympathomimetic that sitmulates both muscarinic and
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Polypharmacy refers to the simultaneous treatment of an illness‚ with two or more medications‚ that share a similar mechanism of action and therapeutic effect. A common reason doctors use this technique is to gain a greater or a more rapid therapeutic effect than achieved with monotherapy. Also‚ the multiple medications prescribed help to treat the wide range of symptoms associated with the mental illness. Polypharmacy in treatment- resistant patients is considered “common practice” in some mental
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early chronic kidney disease? A back ground paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation‚ 22(9)‚ 8-18. McIntyre‚ C.W. and Burton‚ J.O. (2009) The management of intradialytic hypotension. British Journal of Renal Medicine‚ 14(1)‚ 8-11. Moore‚ H.‚ Reams‚ S.M.‚ Wiesen‚K.‚ Nolph‚ K.D.‚ Khanna‚ R. And Laothonq‚ C. (2003) National Kidney Foundation Council on renal nutrition survey: past-present clinical practices and future strategic
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Cold pressor test is widely used as test for auto- nomic functions. It has been used as diagnostic test for diseases like hypertension and other cardiac auto- nomic disorders. During cold pressor test ‚ the hand or foot is immersed in cold water bath held at a con- stant temperature at 80 C. Cold water immersion activates afferent pain and temperature neurons‚ re- sulting in a centrally mediated stimulation of sympa- thetic efferent neurons. In healthy subjects ‚ the CPT causes increase
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Depression is the most common mental disorder‚ not only for adults‚ but for children and teenagers as well. The DSM-IV classifies depression as a mood disorder. It states that an individual has suffered a “major depressive episode” if certain symptoms persist for at least two weeks‚ including a loss of enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities‚ a sad or irritable mood‚ a significant change in weight or appetite‚ problems sleeping or concentrating‚ and feelings of worthlessness. These symptoms
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assessment using Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS). Giving the patient risk score 1-20: (Low Risk: 5-11 Medium Risk: 12-15 High Risk: 16-20). Recent change in functional status and / or medications affecting safe mobility / Dizziness / postural hypotension put the patient in Automatic High Risk Status. Part 2– risk factor checklist:(Stapleton et al.‚ 2009). Checklist for risk factors includes Vision‚ Mobility‚ Transfers‚ Behaviors‚ Activities of Daily Living‚ Environment‚ Nutrition and Continence
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component to high blood pressure because of the very toxic chemicals the smoker inhales into the body. Although quitting smoking is a very tough thing to do‚ it can very well prevent the occurrence of high blood pressure. Low blood pressure or hypotension can be caused by pregnancy‚ dehydration‚ heart problems‚ endocrine issues‚ infections‚ allergic reactions or a lack of nutrients in the body. Some risks include dizziness‚ weakness‚ and lack of oxygen throughout the body‚ which can lead to further
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Phase 0 1 2 3 Also known as Microdosing Human Pharmacology Therapeutic Exploratory 2a 2b Therapeutic Confirmatory 3a 3b Objective PK /PD /Other Enable go/no-go decisions to be based on relevant human models instead of relying on sometimes inconsistent animal data. Safety & tolerability-Maximum tolerated dose PK PD safe dose range PK Safety Efficacy PK Safety Efficacy Safety Special studies (Qol‚ DDI‚ FDI) Sub group Efficacy Safety Special studies
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headache‚ light-headedness‚ nystagmus‚ visual disturbance‚ drowsiness‚ numbness‚ or increased skeletal tone)‚ psychological (hallucination‚ dysphoria or confusion‚ agitation‚ disorientation‚ or mood change) and cardiopulmonary (major: hypoxia and hypotension; minor: tachycardia and hypertension) were recorded by a Nurse‚ blinded to the intervention group; if necessary‚ immediate action was
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are associated with higher re-bleed rates and are more likely to cause death Predictors of Mortality Patient characteristic that have been reported to be associated with increase in mortality are: Age‚ onset of bleeding‚ co-morbidity‚ hypotension and shock at presentation‚ fresh bleed in Ryle’s tube aspirate‚ haemoglobin level at presentation and on
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