to feed the dogs. Pavlov noticed that the dogs were beginning to salivate at the sound of the bell before the meat was introduced to them. Unintentionally‚ Pavlov discovered how we obtain learned reflexes. This phenomenon is known as classical conditioning. Pavlov’s dogs were conditioned to evoke a response (salivating) when the bell rang. Because the toll of the bell was repeatedly followed with meat‚ the dogs learned to salivate at this sound even before any meat was introduced. In this scenario
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Development There are many theories that now influence current practice in different ways. Here I am going to explain the following theories of development: * Cognitive * Psychoanalytical * Humanist * Social Learning * Operant Conditioning * Behaviourist * Social pedagogy Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) Piaget focuses on cognitive development; he was all about the child centred approach‚ he believed children are active learners and make sense of the world through their
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Describe and evaluate the Behaviourist Approach The basic assumption of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is learned through experiences a person has in their environment. From this we know that behaviourists are on the side of nature in the “nature vs. nurture” debate. In comparison bio psychologists will be firmly on the side of nurture. There is also the argument between behaviourists to whether behaviour is learnt better through positive or negative reinforcement. Positive
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Pavlov (1849 - 1936) discovered that once dogs had learned to associate the ringing of the bell with receiving food‚ they could be conditioned to salivate when they heard a bell‚ regardless of the presence of food. This became known as Classical Conditioning. Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997) developed systematic desensitisation‚ and his approach was to work with a patient to build a hierarchy of anxiety-inducing situations. A relaxation technique would be learned for each stage of the hierarchy‚ starting with
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(long quotation) He thought that the majority of response by humans do not result from obvious stimuli. The notion of reinforcement had been introduced by Thorndike‚ and Skinner developed this idea much further. Skinner’s system is based on operant conditioning. The organism‚ while going about it’s everyday activities‚ is in the process of “operating” on the environment. In the course of its activities‚ the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus‚ called a reinforcing stimulus‚ or simply
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The social learning theory is based on operant conditioning which suggests that children learn to be aggressive by observing the behaviour of those around them‚ particularly the behaviour of significant others‚ such as parents or elder siblings. By seeing others being rewarded or punished for their behaviour‚ the child experiences vicarious reinforcement. From these models‚ children therefore learn about the nature of aggressive behaviour‚ the situations it is appropriate and its likely consequences
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Learning Theory and Behaviorism October 16‚ 2012 Wundt’s Structuralism: • Goal was to analyze the structure of conscious experience into its elements and components and their associative relationships. It was a form of metal chemistry • Developed of the technique introspection‚ which requires trained introspectionists to look inward and describe/analyze the contents of their experience to a stimulus word • Edward Titchner brought structuralism to the U.S. @ Cornell university
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partner are fulfilled by the other. If a rewarding stimulus creates a happy feeling and a punishing stimulus evokes an unhappy feeling then it follows that people who make us happy are rewarding stimuli and vice versa. The learning method of operant conditioning means that we are likely to repeat behaviour that provides us with or leads to a desirable outcome. Byrne and Clore use this in their theory to suggest why we enter into relationships. The presence of some individuals is directly linked to
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-Byrne and Clore proposed a theory which is based on a behavioural approach and consists of two elements “Reward” and “Need”. -“Reward” is based on the idea of operant condition which means if someone creates a positive feeling in us then we are more likely to be attracted to them. -“Need” is based on the idea of classical conditioning meaning we associate people with positive events therefore we are more likely to be attracted to a person who we associate happy feelings and experiences with.
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Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits As children‚ humans learn right from wrong through either punishment or praise by their parents. Depending on the action and accompanying reaction from their parents‚ a child may develop habits. According to Psychology Today‚ a habit is defined as an acquired behavior pattern regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary (Psychology Today‚ 2012). Some examples of habits are looking both ways before crossing the street‚ brushing
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