reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions d. Reduction of aldehydes and reagents used for that reaction. e. Fischer esterification including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. f. Reaction of acid chlorides to produce alcohols. g. Reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to produce amides including identification of nucleophile‚ catalyst‚ and leaving group. 3. Identify
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hydrogencarbonate to remove acidic impurities. 2. Separate from other immiscible liquids using a separating funnel. 3. Dry with anhydrous sodium sulphate. 4. Simple distillation to collect pure product Nucleophillic substitution ‘A nucleophile is a species which is strongly attracted to a region of positive charge in another molecule‚ and can donate an electron pair’ SN2
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intermediate. The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast‚ second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver nitrate may be added provided the weak nucleophile – the alcohol. If an SN1 reaction occurs‚ the alkyl halide will dissociate to form a carbocation‚ which will then react with the ethanol to form an ether. Since there is not a strong nucleophile present‚ the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond is encouraged by the formation
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substitution reactions of alcohols. SN2 reaction is the type of reaction used in this lab experiment. Our objective was to see how a primary alkyl halide reacted with an alcohol. We did a conversion of n-butanol to 1-bromobutane. Br- ions is the nucleophile for this reaction which is generated from an aqueous solution of NaBr. The catalyst that converted the OH functional group of butanol to a better leaving group (H2O) was the Sulfuric Acid. [pic] Results.- Theoretical Yield C4H9OH + NaBr ------->
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chemicals when transporting between hoods‚ report any accidents immediately‚ use Aspirator when solvent is Organic‚ Use Vacuum when solvent is Aqueous‚ neutralize all acids and bases for cleanup and disposal * Write the Mechanism! * Nucleophile- Donates an electron pair (nucleus loving) * Electrophile- Accepts an electron pair (Electron loving) * Draw out every Arrow * Carbon must ALWAYS have four bonds * A catalyst must always be regenerated * An aromatic
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and contains allylic and vinyllic bromine‚ which is also very stable‚ and cannot be a good nucleophile. Bromocyclopentane reacts under SN1 and SN2‚ but it shows a faster reaction in AgNO3/ethanol reagent‚ that is SN1. This is because bromocyclopentane is secondary bromine‚ and have bigger steric strain‚ since it is a cyclic compound. The bigger steric in a molecule‚ the harder it is for the nucleophile to attack the leaving group (-Br) from the opposite sides‚ therefore‚ SN2 reaction is slower
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Objectives After studying this Unit‚ you will be able to • name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures; • describe the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they undergo; • correlate the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions; • use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism; • appreciate the applications of organo-metallic
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of compounds. This situation is similar to that of alcohols and phenols which both share the -OH group. Aldehydes and ketones both undergo a reaction type known as nucleophilic addition. Under less acidic conditions‚ in this type of reaction a nucleophile (a species that can donate a pair of electrons‚ in other words a Lewis base) donates a pair of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a single bond to it. At the same time the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and oxygen becomes a single
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Aldol Condensation Discussion: 1. Aldol condensation reactions take place in basic conditions‚ where a deprotonated enol becomes an enolate and proceeds to attack the aldehyde. Since the solution is basic‚ it is able to deprotonate the alpha carbons of the product‚ which forces the hydroxide groups to leave. The product is then considered to be dehydrated and unsaturated. In terms of our reaction‚ cyclopentatone is deprotonated to form an enolate‚ which then attacks the two molecules of p-tolualdehyde
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6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page i 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/15/07 2:14 PM Page iii ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Second Edition DR. DAVID R. KLEIN Johns Hopkins University JOHN WILEY & SONS‚ INC. 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 Marketing Manager Production Manager Production Editor Cover Designer 5:02 PM Page iv Amanda Wygal Pamela
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