nucleophilic substitution‚ in which a nucleophile replaces the leaving group in the substrate. In this case‚ the hydroxyl group of t-butyl alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom. The reaction proceeds via Sn1mechanism. The second part of the experiment consisted of purification of t-butyl chloride using the distillation process. A nucleophile is any neutral or uncharged molecule with an unshared pair of electrons. In the substitution reaction‚ the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the substrate
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Elimination Reactions ________________________________________ As described previously‚ primary alkyl halides generally undergo substitution reactions with simple nucleophiles by an SN2 mechanism. Secondary alkyl halides‚ often react with simple basic nucleophiles to give a mixture of products arising from both substitution and elimination. As with substitution reactions‚ the rate at which elimination reactions proceed can be proportional to both the concentration of the base and the concentration
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Sn2 is undergone by primary and secondary substrates only preferable in a polar protic solvent with a relatively good nucleophile while Sn1 is undergone by secondary and tertiary substrates only preferably in a polar protic solvent with a poor nucleophile. Additionally‚ tertiary substrates are better than secondary substrates for Sn1 because of the stabilization of the carbocation with the polar protic solvent increasing the stability
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Synthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the synthesis. Procedures: 2.0 mL of 1-bromobutane‚ 3.0 g of sodium benzoate‚ 5.0 mL of water‚ 4 drops of Aliquat 336‚ and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and the flask
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act as a nucleophile and attack an electrophile. For nitration‚ this nucleophile is NO2+‚ which is produced by reacting nitric and sulfuric acids. After the nucleophile adds‚ the ring has lost aromaticity. Therefore‚ the deprotonated acid in solution can pull off a hydrogen from the same carbon that the nitro group has added to‚ allowing the electrons from that bond to go back into the ring to reproduce aromaticty. There are three possible positions on a benzene ring that a nucleophile could add
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EXAM III CHEM 2211 November 3‚ 2010 NAME: ____________________________________________ Please be certain to answer all questions. Partial credit cannot be given the questions left blank. 1. Give the IUPAC name for the following compound. A) (Z)-2‚3‚6-trimethyl-2-heptene B) (Z)-2‚3‚6-trimethyl-3-heptene C) (E)-2‚3‚6-trimethyl-3-heptene D) (E)-2‚3‚6-trimethyl-2-heptene E) (E)-2‚4‚6-trimethyl-3-heptene 2. Which of the following statements is (are) true about compound A?
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CARBON CARBON MULTIPLE BOND PRESENTED BY: WASIQUE AZHAR MSC CHEM (2 SEM) Some basic concept Electrophile : a species with a region of positive or partial positive charge electron-poor Nucleophile: a species with a region of negative or partial negative charge electron-rich TO LERN OBJECTIVE : Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond Stereochemistry of Elecrophilic addition reaction Hydrogenation of double and triple bond Nucleophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double
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|Chapter 5: | |Structure and Preparation of Alkenes. | |Elimination Reactions | Summary Alkenes contain the C=C functional group which can be prepared by 1‚2-elimination reactions such as: • dehydration of alcohols (- H2O) or • dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (- HX). Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted
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aftereffect of the end reaction is a significantly responsive midway 9 called benzyne‚ or dehydrobenzene‚ which contrasts from benzene in having two less hydrogens and an extra bond between two ortho carbons. Benzyne reacts rapidly with any available nucleophile‚ for this circumstance the dissolvable‚ antacid‚ to give an extension
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nucleophilic substitution reaction where the rate determining step of the reaction is unimolecular‚ thus‚ the rate equation is often shown as having first-order dependence on electrophile and zero-order dependence on nucleophile. This relationship holds for situations where the amount of nucleophile is much greater than that of the carbocation intermediate. The reaction (which involves a carbocation intermediate) is commonly seen in reactions of secondary or tertiary alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions
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