undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups and other electron-donating substituents enhance substitution and direct it
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University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva‚ Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza‚ Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristic
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oxidation-reduction reaction‚ the secondary alcohol of cyclohexanol is oxidized to form the ketone cyclohexanone‚ and the Cl of NaOCl is reduced to form NaCl. This reaction utilizes the catalyst acetic acid to speed up the reaction by forming HOCL when the nucleophile OCl- removes the acidic H from acetic acid. This same H bonds to the oxygen of cyclohexanol and the OCl- attaches to the carbon the alcohol group was attached to at the same time water is removed. Next‚ the water removes the acidic hydrogen‚
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L-6 MCQ (A) MCQs of the Textual Exercise 1) In haloalkane _________ bond is formed between carbon and halogen. (a) Ionic (b) van der Waals (c) Covalent (d) hydrogen 2) In haloarene compounds‚ halogen combines with carbon having which hybridization? (a) sp2 (b) sp3 (c) sp (d)dsp2 3) In haloalkane‚ carbon in C-X bond possesses which partial electric charge? (a) Charge less (b) positive (c) negative (d) anionic 4) Which of the following bonds is the strongest?
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004:121 Organic I Fall 2010 Final Exam Please read each question carefully before answering. Answer the questions in ink in the spaces provided inside. If you make changes as you go‚ please make sure your final answer is clearly indicated. Scratch papers are available at the end. Total points = 150. You have 120 min. Good Luck! ____________________________________________________________ ___________ Grading: Q.# 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Score (Max) __________ (60 pts) __________ (18
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Hydrogen Peroxide & Inorganic Peroxy Compounds Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-oxygen single bond). It is also a strong oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid‚ slightly more viscous than water. In dilute solution‚ it appears colorless. Reactions Decomposition Hydrogen peroxide decomposes exothermically into water and oxygen gas spontaneously: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 This process is thermodynamically favorable. It has
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Reactions of pyridine Introduction: 1. Pyridine structure: 2. Iupac name: Pyridine‚ other name: Azine & Azabenzene. *Important commercial alkyl pyridinium compound is α - methyl- pyridine (2)‚ βpicoline (3)‚ γ- picoline ( 4 ) ‚ 2‚6 - lutidine ( 5 ) ‚ 3‚5 - dimethyl- pyridine ( 6 ) ethyl-2 - methyl- pyridine ( 7 ) and 2‚4‚6 - collidine ( 8 ) . In general‚ the alkyl -substituted pyridine as many other precursors used in pyridine E-commerce. From these further alkyl substituted pyridine
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hydrogens on the α-carbons because of their weakly acidic characteristics. Therefore‚ the product yields of acylation‚ alkylation‚ and an aldol condensation are low and unwanted side reactions occur (Figure 1). In order to avoid side reactions‚ a good nucleophile needs to be produced
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Chapters 2.8-2.10: alcohols‚ halogenoalkanes‚ mechanisms and spectra Consolidation questions 1. Give the names of the two primary alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O. butan-1-ol 2-methyl propan-1-ol 2. Write the equation‚ using state symbols‚ for the reaction of ethanol with sodium. CH3CH2OH(l) + Na(s) CH3CH2O-Na+(alc) + ½ H2(g) 3. Name the organic product above. Sodium ethoxide 4. Give the names and structural formulae for the two possible products
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Unit 2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides Module Description: This module is designed to learn the biosynthesis of nucleotides 1 Topics (Chapter 22.4/25.1: Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry) 1. De Novo Purine Nucleotide Synthesis Begins with PRPP 2. Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition 3. Pyrimidine Nucleotides Are Made from Aspartate‚ PRPP‚ and Carbamoyl Phosphate 4. Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition 5. Nucleoside
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