tubes which contained the same amount of enzyme to substrate were tested for reaction rate with pHs ranging from 4 to 9 as the only difference‚ in order to determine what the optimum pH was. According to previous experiments‚ protenation of the nucleophile limits catalysis at low pH‚ and deprotenation of the hydrogen donor limits it at high pH (Nielsen‚ Vriend & Borchert‚ 2001). In addition‚ a review paper states alpha-amylase
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expensive as Oxone and leaves behind the epoxide plus m-chlorobenzoic acid while Oxone creates non-toxic byproducts and recycles acetone in the epoxidation reaction. Introduction The epoxidation of an alkene creates an epoxide that is reactive to nucleophiles. This is important in organic chemistry as well as biological sciences. For example epoxide hydrolase aids in purification during drug metabolism. The mechanisms for Oxone and mCPBA epoxidation can be found in figures 1 and 2 below. Figure
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Chapter 17—Alcohols and Phenols SHORT ANSWER Drawing Instructions: Draw structures corresponding to each of the given names. 1. Draw: cis-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol ANS: 2. Draw: 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol ANS: 3. Draw: 2-phenyl-2-propanol ANS: 4. Draw: glycerol ANS: 5. Draw: 2‚ 4‚ 6-trinitrophenol ANS: IUPAC Naming Instructions: Provide proper IUPAC names. 6. Name: ANS: (E)-2-ethylbut-2-en-1-ol 7. Name: HOCH2CH2OH ANS:
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salt by reaction with sodium hydride or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) + Na H – Sodium hydride [ ( CH3 ) 2 CH] 2 N – Li + Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) Alkylation of Acetylides Acetylide anions are both strong bases and good nucleophiles They undergo nucleophilic displacement reactions with alkyl halides to form new C-C bonds to alkyl groups; that is‚ they undergo alkylation
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Experiment #1 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 2‚4-dinitrochlorobenze Name: Anouk Deck-Leger Student I.D: 9380868 Date performed: September 13th‚ 2010 Due Date: September 20th‚ 2010 Introduction: The company DNCB produces large amounts of 2‚4-dinitrochlorobenzene and they sell this product to treat against warts and severe and chronic hair loss. It can also be used as an alternative treatment for HIV. The supervisor notices an excess amount of m-aminobenzoic acid stored away which
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crucial secondary side reactions‚ such as those in equations (iii)‚ (iv) and (vi)‚ and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium‚ while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv)‚ the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation
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Thiamine was the catalyst in this reaction. The thiazolium ion attacks the benzaldehyde. Thiazolium is made in situ by adding base‚ which was NaOH in this reaction. The thiazolium ion attacks the carbonyl of the benzaldehyde‚ this served as a nucleophile. This created a negative charge on the benzaldehyde‚ which attracted another molecule of benzaldehyde. The thiamine leaves the compound and a double oxygen bond is made‚ leaving this new compound‚ benzoin‚ neutral. The second step was an
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General Features of Oxidative Additions Oxidative addition reactions usually involve a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron metal complex or five-coordinate 18-electron species‚ and take the general from: [pic] If the A and B ligands in the product are considered to be formally –1‚ then the metal center has increased its oxidation state by +2‚ and this is the origin of the name oxidative addition. Oxidative reaction can occur when a metal complex
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ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)‚ and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP‚ where ADP and Pi are joined together by ATPsynthase Energy is often released in the form of protium or H+‚ moving down an electrochemical
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carbon will have a partial positive charge compared to the two functional groups mentioned. In nucleophilic substitution reaction‚ the electrons of the partially negative hydroxyl group of the alcohol (nucleophile) attacks the partially positive carbon on the acid (electrophile). Eventually‚ the nucleophile donates its electrons to
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