Ancient moral theory explains morality in terms that focus on the moral agent. These thinkers are interested in what constitutes‚ e.g.‚ a just person. They are concerned about the state of mind and character‚ the set of values‚ the attitudes to oneself and to others‚ and the conception of one ’s own place in the common life of a community that belong to just persons simply insofar as they are just. A modern might object that this way of proceeding is backwards. Just actions are logically prior to
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Cost Accounting Fundamentals Introduction to Cost Accounting Cost accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation’s own management for decision making. It is the process of accounting for costs. It includes the accounting procedures relating to recording of all incomes and expenditures and the preparation of periodical statements and reports with the object of ascertaining and controlling costs. It is thus the formal mechanism by means of which cost of products or services are
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planning) TOPIC: Discuss positive accounting theory and contrast it with normative accounting theory. Provide examples where appropriate. The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of positive accounting theory (PAT) and highlight how this theory differs to normative accounting theory. Definitions and assumptions of both theories will be considered and examples of the theories will be provided. In addition specific theories related to PAT namely agency and the efficient
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Normative theory and whistle-blowing Introduction Whistle-blowing in this context is the act‚ for an employee‚ disclosing what he believes to be an unethical or illegal behaviour to higher management (internal whistle-blowing) or to an external authority or the public (external whistle-blowing). Examples of unethical acts include sexual harassment and racial discrimination at work while illegal act include the accounting fraud by the Arthur-Andersen accountants for Enron (Sims & Brinkmann 2003)
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Game theory – descriptive‚ normative or prescriptive? Going through life we often are surprised by the different ways how people think‚ make decisions and interact. We believe that most of us are rational human beans (to some extent) and‚ therefore‚ our decisions should be grounded in analysis of the situation‚ our experience and intuition. Therefore‚ the human mind can be seen as an incredibly complicated machine that runs series of theoretical simulations of possible situations (often subconsciously)
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------------------------------------------------- Chapter 1 Accounting and the Business Environment Short Exercises (5 min.) S 1-1 Revenues increase owner’s equity by delivering goods or services to customers. Expenses decrease owner’s equity by using up assets or increasing liabilities in order to deliver goods or services to customers. (5 min.) S 1-2 1. The banker is an external user of financial information. 2. The financial statement that would provide the best information
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quantitative measurements of isolated variables analysed. Theories of development emerged and have continued throughout history‚ providing organization‚ and “a lens through which researchers can interpret and explain any number of specific facts or observations” (Sigelman & Rider‚ 2012‚ p. 32). In postulating what is seen as ‘normative’ development‚ these theories provide a model or map from which science and society are largely influenced. Normative development implies an individual will grow‚ experience
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Abstract This paper is written for the accounting theory course as a course project. This paper discusses the differences between the historical cost accounting approach and the fair value accounting approach. The discussion will focus on the debate on using which accounting approach. We begin by stating the definitions of both concepts and discussing them thoroughly‚ then we state the main advantages of the two approaches followed by comparison between them. The last section of this paper discusses
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PAPER FIRST –SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES Q NO-1-WHAT IS SOCIOLOGICAL THERY? DISCUS THE STRUCTUREOF SOC T.H ANS-In 1959‚ C. Wright Mills released a book entitled ‘The sociological Imagination’. It was in this book that he laid out a set of guidelines of how to carry out social analysis. But for a layman‚ what does the term sociological imagination’ actually mean? In his own words‚ Mills claimed “it is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another…the capacity to range from the most impersonal
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What is Fair Value Accounting? An alternative approach to measurement that seeks to capture changes in asset and liability values over time. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) defines fair value as "... an amount at which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms length transaction". Under the fair value measurement approach‚ assets and liabilities are re-measured periodically to reflect changes in their value‚ with the resulting change impacting
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