Introduction Pernicious anemia (PA) is a type of macrocytic normochromic anemia. It is a slow-developing disorder with the underlying cause of Vitamin B12 absorption and deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor (IF). Vitamin B12 absorption is facilitated by IF‚ which binds B12 in the duodenum‚ forming the IF-vitamin-B12 complex‚ later recognized by receptors and absorbed in the jejunum (Anderson‚ et al.‚ 445). A consequence of vitamin B-12 deficiency is altered DNA replication and erythropoiesis
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Dehydration and hyperthermia Dehydration is a deficit of total body water‚ with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes. dehydration can also cause hyperthermia. Dehydration occurs when water intake is insufficient to replace free water lost due to normal physiologic processes and other causes. Hypovolemia is a related condition specifically meaning a decrease in volume of blood plasma‚ not of total body water. Bothe are regulated through independent mechanisms in humans and should not
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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease and is characterized clinically by the increased blood pressure‚ occurrence of albuminuria and a gradual loss of kidney function (1). The morphological changes associated with early phase DN comprise diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane together with the nodular glomerulosclerosis (2). Although the pathophysiology of DN is mainly occur due to hyperglycemia‚ it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and
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In a hospital environment‚ there are many types of nosocomial infections. They can vary from Urinary tract infections‚ wound infections and lung infections just to name a few. A most encountered infection is a urinary tract infection. Which is encountered in various ways. A urinary tract infection involves the kidneys‚ ureters‚ bladder or urethra these organs assist in eliminating fluids from the body. A urinary tract infection can be acquired in hospitals from catheter insertion. Which is
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Module Five Question 1 Mr Jagger is a 53-year-old male‚ who has presented to emergency complaining of severe left flank pain. He is in extreme distress‚ is very pale and is complaining that the pain is making him want to vomit. The examining physician suspects that he has renal calculi. How do renal calculi form‚ how are they diagnosed and what complications might arise if Mr Jagger remains untreated? Renal calculi‚ also known as kidney stones‚ occur when glomerular filtrate passes through the
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Kidney Failure Scenario A: Acute renal failure. Ms. Jones‚ a 68-year-old female‚ underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively‚ it was noted that she had very little urine output. 1. What is happening to Ms. Jones ’s kidneys‚ and why is it causing the observed symptom? Acute renal failure is often associated with individuals post opt and in intensive care units. Acute renal failure causes a stop to the normal functions of the kidney
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Heidi L. Rands HCA/240 Pamela S. Williams RN‚ MSN October 13‚ 2011 Axia College Material Appendix D Read each scenario and write a 25- to 50-word answer for each question following the scenarios. Use at least one reference per scenario and format your sources consistent with APA guidelines. Scenario A Acute renal failure: Ms. Jones‚ a 68-year-old female‚ underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively‚ it was noted that
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Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms including protein in the urine‚ low blood protein levels‚ high cholesterol levels‚ and swelling. The urine may also contain fat‚ which can be seen under the microscope. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by various disorders that damage the kidneys‚ especially the basement membrane of the glomerulus. This causes abnormal excretion of protein in the urine. This condition can also occur as a result of infection‚ use of certain drugs‚ cancer‚ genetic disorders
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GENERAL APPROACHES FOR DOSE ADJUSTMENT IN RENAL DISEASE Renal insufficiency can markedly alter one or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug including oral bioavailability‚ volume of distribution‚ drug binding to plasma proteins‚ and most importantly the rates of metabolism and excretion‚ i.e.‚ drug clearance.. To minimize drug toxicity and maximize therapeutic benefits‚ it is often necessary to adjust drug dosage in proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency. A drug will most
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Running Head: End Stage Renal Disease and Economics End Stage Renal Disease and Economics Julius Shakari Walden University End Stage Renal Disease Economics Introduction The Federal Government of the United States initiated
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