Hydrographic Survey Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation‚ marine construction‚ dredging‚ offshore oil exploration/drilling and related activities. Strong emphasis is placed on soundings‚ shorelines‚ tides‚ currents‚ sea floor and submerged obstructions that relate to the previously mentioned activities. The term Hydrography is sometimes used synonymously to describe Maritime Cartography‚ which in the final stages of the hydrographic
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content itself. • Mapping the structure of a project should be done early in the planning phase. 5 6 1 Designing the Structure • Navigation maps are also known as site maps. • They help organize the content and messages. • Navigation maps provide a hierarchical table of contents and a chart of the logical flow of the interactive interface. • Navigation maps are essentially nonlinear. 7 Designing the Structure There are four fundamental organizing structures: – Linear - Users navigate
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closely to keep from getting lost. When navigators first sailed into the open ocean‚ they discovered they could chart their course by the stars. The next major developments in the quest for the perfect method of navigation were the magnetic compass and the sextant. The needle of a compass always points north‚ so it is always possible to know in what direction you are going. The sextant uses adjustable mirrors to measure the exact
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Speaker’s notes Contours on the map are the brown lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal height above sea level. They are labelled with the height and with the topes of the figures uphill. A contour labelled 500 is 500m above sea level‚ and every place on that contour is precisely 500m above sea level. On a 1: 25‚ 000 map‚ they are usually 10m apart. If contours are very close together that means the hill is steep. However‚ is they are wide apart‚ it has a gentle gradient. When
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In the 15th century‚ the western and eastern sail technology was comparable. The mariner’s compass‚ so crucial to navigation out of sight of land‚ was developed from the Chinese magnetized needle of the 8th century‚ and it traveled via land route to the Mediterranean where about the 12th century the Europeans or the Arabs developed the true mariner’s compass (floating)‚ but China soon received the improved model.27 So both East and West had the mariner’s compass in the 15th century. Stern post rudders
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Air Navigation - The Pilot/Navigator All air navigation involves basic principles that apply to all aeroplanes‚ from the simplest trainer to the most sophisticated passenger jets. These basic principles are discussed in this manual. Since The Air Pilot’s Manual is a training programme for the Private Pilot’s Licence (PPL)‚ we will concentrate on accurate navigation of a light aircraft‚ flown by a single pilot‚ in visual conditions. PPL holders‚ when flying cross-country‚ act as pilot‚ navigator
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Tools used to measure latitude (Lesson 02.01) (use the first resource in this lesson to help you) Be able to list and describe the 3 main tools used to measure latitude in early navigation Sextant- allowed users to determine their latitude to within a sea mile or two The gnomon or sun-shadow disk- operated like a sundial‚ enabling the user to determine his latitude by the length of the sun’s shadow cast on a disk floating level in water. The Arabian kamal- a rectangular plate that one moved
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and current on Pacific Ocean over past centauries‚ by using canoes. This essay will discuss the two theory of migration with archaeological evidence of origin‚ the traditional techniques of navigation shared by Steve‚ and it will state‚ why and how the ancient navigation is more favored than modern navigation. There are theories that explain how Pacific islanders had settled over the years by people who came to our region at various times. One classical example of such theory is by Andrew Sharp
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ABSTRACT For people with Parkinson’s‚ navigating a new route while driving uses the cognitive resources of the individual and may impair their driving ability. The objective of this study was to assess the navigation ability and safety errors among people with Parkinson’s Disease during a route following task. The study consisted of 77 people with mild-moderate Parkinson’s and a control group of 152 individuals who were neurologically normal. All had current drivers licenses and had been driving
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application of triangulation occurs in a global positioning system (GPS). A GPS consists one or more Earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites. To determine a receiver’s geographic location. GPS receivers‚ found in handheld navigation devices and many vehicles‚ use triangulation to determine their location relative to at least three geostationary satelites. According to Sanders‚ the geostationary satelites are the fixed points in triangulation formula (Understanding Satelites
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