The Costs of Production Production and Costs Costs in the Short Run Fixed Costs Implicit Costs Explicit Costs Variable Costs Average Costs Marginal Costs The Symmetry Between Production and Costs Total Product and Total Cost Curves Geometry of Average and Marginal Costs Curves Average Physical Product and Average Variable Costs Marginal Physical Product and Marginal Cost Costs in the Long Run Isocost Lines Cost Minimization The Expansion Path and the Long Run Total Cost Curve Average Cost and
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COST OF PRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Types of costs 3.1 Opportunity‚ implicit and explicit costs 3.2 Fixed and variable costs 3.3 Average costs 3. Types of cost curves 4.4 Marginal cost curve 4.5 Average cost curves 4. Costs in Short run and in the Long run 5.6 Short run 5.7 Long run 5.8 Economies of scale 5. Cost analysis in the real world 6.9 Economies of scope 6.10 Experiential
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Costs of Production July 2011 Topics to be Discussed Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? How do Cost Curves Behave? – Cost in the Short Run – Cost in the Long Run How to Minimize Cost? How to draw Implications for Business Strategy? Topics to be Discussed Production with Two Outputs: Economies of Scope Dynamic Changes in Costs: The Learning Curve Estimating and Predicting Cost Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? Accountants tend to take a retrospective view of firms’ costs‚ whereas
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CHAPTER 22 The Costs of Production Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Costs: explicit and implicit 1-9 2. Profits 10-23 3. Short run versus long run 24-31 4. Law of diminishing returns 32-55 5. Short-run costs 56-157 6. Long-run costs 158-193 Last Word 194-196 True-False 197-210 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Cost of Production Fixed costs are those that do not vary with output and typically include rents‚ insurance‚ depreciation‚ set-up costs‚ and normal profit. They are also called overheads. Variable costs are costs that do vary with output‚ and they are also called direct costs. Examples of typical variable costs include fuel‚ raw materials‚ and some labour costs. An example Production costs Consider the following hypothetical example of a boat building firm. The total fixed costs‚ TFC‚ include
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Production Cost Analysis and Estimation Applied Problems 1. Jennifer Trucking Company operates a large rig transportation business in Texas that transports locally grown vegetables to San Diego‚ California. The company owns 5 large rigs and hires local drivers paid fixed salaries monthly‚ regardless of the number of trips or tons of cargo that each driver transports each month. The below table presents details about the number of drivers and the total cargo transported by the company at different
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efficiency low in effectiveness and low in efficiency Scenario #1: The Production Manager of Mom’s Cookies had a monthly production target of 100‚000 bags of cookies. His target for quality inspectors is to have the reject rate less than 2% of production. Both these targets were met for August. Labour costs are up 5% because overtime had to be incurred to complete some ordersb‚Both goals were met but unfortunetly labour costs went up. Scenario #2: The reject rate for Mom’s Cookies was 8% this
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Cost of Production Report - Blending Department (1st Department): Learning Objective: 1.Øî¨ Ârialï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿*ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿í¿¿ï¿*ï¿*ï¿ï¼ï¿Ýæ®î¼ ׿ Prepare a cost of production report of first department in a process costing system. 2.í¥¾ìí¥¾ìí¥¾ìí¥¾ìí¥¾ìí¥¾ìí¥¾ï¿¿ï¿¿è￿þí¤Ëºì ͹ïϸêÑ·ïÓ¶ìÕµí¤×´ìÙ³í¤Û²ìݱí¤ß°ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿Õµí¤×´ìÙ³í¤Û²ìݱí¤ß°ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿ï¿¿
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Production Cost Analysis: Economic Analysis as a tool for Process Development: Harvest of a High Cell-Density Fermentation For the biotech industry to be profitable‚ it must consider economics along with process recovery‚ purity‚ and product quality. The number of biotechnology-based human therapeutic products in the late-stage pipeline‚ and the average cost to commercialize a biotech product‚ have steadily increased.1‚2 This has required biotech companies to use economic analysis as a tool
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Generally‚ the term cost of production refers to the ‘money expenses’ incurred in the production of a commodity. But money expenses are not the only expenses incurred on the production of a commodity. There are number of services and inputs such as entrepreneurship‚ land‚ capital etc.‚ which are offered by an entrepreneur without changing any price or receiving any payment for them. While computing the total cost of production‚ allowance should be made for such expenses. It is therefore essential
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