immunoglobulins and for short we will use Ig. The five main antibodies are IgA‚ IgM‚ IgE‚ IgD‚ and IgG‚ this document focuses mainly on the IgG immunoglobulin. Let’s first look at what the five immunoglobulins do. The IgA immunoglobulin protects body surfaces exposed to the outside‚ so this would be your skin‚ the body’s first defender. IgM immunoglobulins which are the largest in size of all the immunoglobulins‚ are the first antibodies made in response to infection. The IgE immunoglobulins are involved
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The antibacterial activity of natural killer cells. Introduction Natural killer (NK) cells‚ a variety of granular lymphocyte‚ are the first line of defence against infections and cancer. First identified by their ability to “naturally” kill tumour cells previously unrecognised by the host (Kiessling et al.‚ 1975)‚ these bone marrow-derived innate killers were later recognised as a sepa-rate lymphocyte lineage‚ obtaining both cytotoxicity and cytokine-producing effector functions (Trinchi-eri
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Optimal blood grouping and antibody screening for safe transfusion [J]. Prilozi / Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite‚ Oddelenie za bioloski i medicinski nauki = Contributions / Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts‚ Section of Biological and Medical Sciences‚ 2009‚ 30(1):
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Internal Defences Answers Syllabus Content Specific resistance: * role of B cells‚ T cells‚ memory cells and plasma cells * antibody and cell-mediated defence * primary and secondary immune response * passive and active immunity * natural and artificial immunity * role of antibiotics and antivirals. Risks‚ ethical concerns and benefits: * production and use of vaccines Review of Body’s Defences Pathogens – living organisms or agents that cause disease (e.g. bacteria‚ fungi
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Proteins The three major types are the albumins‚ globulins‚ and fibrinogen. Most are made in the liver‚ except antibodies which are produced by B lymphocytes. Have many functions that help maintain homeostasis: Buffer the blood and keep the pH around 7.4. Contribute to osmotic pressure which keeps water in the blood –– Albumins. Transport large organic molecules. Antibodies help defend the body against disease –– Gamma Globulins. The plasma protein fibrinogen is important in the process
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either antibody-dependent or antibody-independent mechanisms‚ or by use of both (2). Congenital deficiencies of the complement pathway‚ such as missing factor C2 or C3 in either the classical or the alternative pathway can put people at higher risk for invasive infection by S. pneumoniae‚ as the factors in effective opsonisation of the bacterium are missing and therefore the microorganism in question – S. pneumoniae in this case – cannot be phagocytosed (2). The lack of certain antibodies‚ as discussed
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have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. Chapter 21.4 Quiz 1. Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime. True 2. Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies. False 3. Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes. True 4. It is our genes‚ not antigens‚ that determine what specific foreign substances
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Introduction According to the American Cancer Society website‚ Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma‚ Non-Hodgkin’s disease‚ NHL‚ or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in the cells of the lymph system‚ which is part of the body’s immune system.1 It is a type of cancer of the blood that affects the white blood cells‚ which are usually involved in protecting against infections. NHL is not a single disease‚ but rather a group of at least 31
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Foreign material that induces an immune response Cellular immune response: at the end‚ lymphocytes do the killing. Associated with low grade intracellular pathogens like viruses Humeral Immune Response: anything dissolved in the serum is humeral‚ ANTIBODIES The body will only recognize foreignness in the context of self Could indicate a hapten A foreign material‚ that isn’t large enough to induce an immune response It will be carried on one of your own molecules (albumin) and shown to the immune
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destroys the bacteria with substances called antibodies which are produced by blood cells called lymphocytes. Some people inherit a poor immune system‚ as their lymphocytes make antibodies against their own tissues that stimulate or damage them. “In Graves’ disease‚ antibodies
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